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Surveys

Surveys

Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.

Drug Dependence

Drug Dependence

Medications are typically administered to achieve therapeutic effects. Some drugs can modify an individual's mood and perception, frequently resulting in various enjoyable experiences. However, this can result in drug dependency, a condition marked by continuous drug use despite potential negative consequences. Drug dependency primarily falls into two categories: psychological and physical dependence. Psychological dependence occurs when the pleasurable feelings induced by the drug...

Data Collection by Survey

Data Collection by Survey

The systematic method of obtaining and analyzing accurate information of a population is called data collection. A survey is a standard method of data collection that involves collecting information from a target human population about their experience, opinion, or knowledge of a product, service, or process. The responses are recorded and interpreted. The most common survey examples are written questionnaires, face-to-face or telephonic conversations, focus groups, and electronic (e-mail or...

Longitudinal Research

Longitudinal Research

Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...

Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep

Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep

Substance use disorders involve a pattern of using drugs more extensively than intended and continuing use despite harmful consequences. This includes legal substances like alcohol and nicotine, as well as illegal drugs. These disorders often involve both physical and psychological dependence, reflecting compulsive use of substances that significantly alter thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, contributing to a major public health issue.
Understanding the concepts of physical dependence,...

Convenience Sampling Method

Convenience Sampling Method

Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population.
Convenience sampling is a non-random method of sample selection; this method selects individuals that are easily accessible and may result in biased data. For example, a marketing...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Brain Morphology of Cannabis Users With or Without Psychosis: A Pilot MRI Study

Brain Morphology of Cannabis Users With or Without Psychosis: A Pilot MRI Study

Published on: August 18, 2020

Assessing cannabis dependence in community surveys: methodological issues.

Louisa Degenhardt¹, Hui Cheng, James C Anthony

¹Department of Epidemiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.

International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research

|July 12, 2007

Summary

The study found that excluding social impairments from cannabis dependence diagnoses in large surveys minimally impacts prevalence estimates. This suggests detailed research should avoid this exclusion, while broad surveys must balance efficiency with case yield.

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Area of Science:

Psychiatry and Epidemiology
Substance Use Disorders Research

Background:

Diagnostic criteria for drug dependence, including cannabis dependence, in the DSM-IV-TR explicitly mention social role impairments and maladaptation.
Recent epidemiological studies indicate the existence of drug dependence cases lacking these specific social consequences.
The 'impairment/maladaptation gating' approach in surveys may reduce identified cases and introduce biases in association estimates.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of the 'impairment/maladaptation gating' approach on the assessment of cannabis dependence.
To analyze how this gating strategy affects the estimated prevalence and associated characteristics of cannabis dependence.

Main Methods:

Utilized data from the cross-sectional United States National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC).
Analyzed a sample of 43,093 adults aged 18 years and over.
Simulated a 'gated' assessment for cannabis dependence based on social impairment/maladaptation criteria.

Main Results:

A simulated 'gated' assessment resulted in only a modest reduction in the estimated prevalence of cannabis dependence.
An estimated maximum of 12 cases per 10,000 respondents would lack social impairments/maladaptations.
Patterns of association between background characteristics and cannabis dependence prevalence remained largely unchanged between 'gated' and 'ungated' approaches.

Conclusions:

The 'ungated' approach is recommended for detailed research on cannabis use and dependence.
For broad mental health surveys, the inefficiency of an 'ungated' approach needs to be weighed against the potential to identify cases without social impairments.