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Related Concept Videos

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
Mitochondrial Protein Sorting01:39

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting

Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
Most of these mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nucleus and imported to the mitochondria as unfolded or loosely folded precursors. Mitochondrial precursors...
Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins01:39

Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins

Mitochondrial precursors are partially unfolded or loosely folded polypeptide chains. Newly synthesized precursors are inhibited from spontaneously folding into their native conformation by the cytosolic chaperones, heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70), and mitochondrial import stimulation factors (MSFs). Precursors bound to MSFs are guided to the TOM70-TOM37 receptors, while precursors bound to Hsp70  chaperones are targetted to TOM20-TOM22 receptor complexes.
Most of the mitochondrial precursors...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Experimental Approaches to Study Mitochondrial Localization and Function of a Nuclear Cell Cycle Kinase, Cdk1
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Published on: February 25, 2016

Cell-selective mitochondrial targeting: progress in mitochondrial medicine.

Rishi Paliwal1, Shivani Rai, Bhuvaneshwar Vaidya

  • 1Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar 470003 (MP), India.

Current Drug Delivery
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Targeting mitochondria, the cell

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Area of Science:

  • Mitochondrial biology and medicine
  • Drug delivery systems
  • Cellular therapeutics

Background:

  • Mitochondria are central to cellular energy production and implicated in diseases like diabetes, neurodegeneration, and cancer.
  • Effective therapeutic strategies require precise delivery of drugs and DNA to mitochondria.
  • Current limitations in targeted mitochondrial delivery hinder therapeutic advancements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of mitochondria in human diseases.
  • To explore the potential of cell-specific ligands and mitochondriotropic molecules.
  • To outline the design of cell-selective, mitochondria-specific delivery systems for practical mitochondrial medicine.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on mitochondrial function and disease.
  • Analysis of strategies for designing targeted delivery systems.
  • Discussion of the integration of cell-specific ligands and mitochondriotropic agents.

Main Results:

  • Mitochondria are key targets for treating various human diseases.
  • Cell-specific ligands enable targeting of correct cell types.
  • Mitochondriotropic molecules facilitate accumulation within mitochondria.

Conclusions:

  • Designing cell-selective, mitochondria-specific carrier systems is crucial for advancing mitochondrial medicine.
  • The combined use of cell-specific ligands and mitochondriotropic molecules offers a promising approach.
  • This strategy holds the potential to make mitochondrial therapies a practical reality.