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Related Concept Videos

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction01:12

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Although it can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The loss of insulin production impairs cellular glucose uptake, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia and necessitating lifelong insulin therapy.Autoimmune Destruction of β-CellsThe hallmark of type 1 diabetes is an...
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the kidneys...
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells
06:27

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells

Published on: May 6, 2013

Brittle type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Federico Bertuzzi1, Roberto Verzaro, Vincenzo Provenzano

  • 1Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies, Palermo, Italy. fbertuzzi@ismett.edu

Current Medicinal Chemistry
|July 14, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Brittle diabetes, a severe form of type 1 diabetes, causes unpredictable blood sugar swings. Pancreas or islet transplantation offers hope for treatment-resistant cases, despite immunosuppression challenges.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells
06:27

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells

Published on: May 6, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Disorders
  • Diabetes Mellitus Research

Background:

  • A subset of type 1 diabetes patients experiences severe glycemic instability, termed "brittle diabetes."
  • This condition leads to frequent, unpredictable hypoglycemic and ketoacidosis episodes, significantly impacting quality of life.
  • Difficulties in diagnosis and verifying patient adherence complicate management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the challenges and therapeutic advancements in managing brittle diabetes.
  • To highlight the role of advanced therapies like insulin analogs and pumps.
  • To discuss transplantation as a viable option for refractory cases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of brittle diabetes management strategies.
  • Analysis of current therapeutic options including insulin therapy and devices.
  • Evaluation of pancreas and islet transplantation outcomes and limitations.

Main Results:

  • Insulin analogs and pumps have improved management for many brittle diabetes patients.
  • A minority of patients remain resistant to conventional and advanced therapies.
  • Pancreas or islet transplantation shows promise but is limited by immunosuppression side effects.

Conclusions:

  • Brittle diabetes requires intensive, multidisciplinary management.
  • While advanced therapies have improved outcomes, transplantation remains a critical option for severe cases.
  • Minimizing immunosuppression risks is key to optimizing transplantation success in brittle diabetes.