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Nociception

Nociception

Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain. Thus, pain helps the...

Pain

Pain

Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...

Analgesia and Pain Management

Analgesia and Pain Management

Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...

Diabetic Neuropathy

Diabetic Neuropathy

DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers

Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

Bones are dynamic organs that require a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients. Around 5% to 10% of the cardiac output supplies blood to the bones. A typical long bone has three main sources: the nutrient artery, the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries, and the periosteal arteries.
Nutrient Artery
The nutrient artery is the main blood vessel that enters the diaphysis via the nutrient foramen. While most long bones have only one nutrient foramen, large bones, such as the femur, may have two. This...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

The Sciatic Nerve Cuffing Model of Neuropathic Pain in Mice

The Sciatic Nerve Cuffing Model of Neuropathic Pain in Mice

Published on: July 16, 2014

[Neuropathic pain].

Salem Alajbegović¹, Azra Alajbegović, Halima Resić

¹Kantonalna bolnica, Zeneca. salaj@bih.net.ba

Medicinski Arhiv

|July 17, 2007

Summary

Neuropathic pain stems from nervous system damage, causing suffering without biological benefit. Current treatments focus on symptom relief and preventing progression, with newer antiepileptic drugs showing promise.

Area of Science:

Neurology
Pain Medicine

Context:

Neuropathic pain arises from nervous system damage, leading to significant patient suffering.
Understanding the peripheral and central mechanisms is crucial for effective management.

Purpose:

To outline the mechanisms, symptoms, causes, and current treatment strategies for neuropathic pain.
To highlight the evolving role of antiepileptic drugs in managing this condition.

Summary:

Neuropathic pain involves peripheral (hyperexcitability, sensitization) and central (sensitization, fiber reorganization, loss of inhibition) mechanisms.
Symptoms include lancinating pain, hyperalgesia, and allodynia, often caused by conditions like mononeuropathy or central nervous system lesions.
Treatment traditionally involves opioids, NSAIDs, and antidepressants, but second-generation antiepileptic drugs like gabapentin are now primary therapies, with pregabalin emerging as a promising new option.

More Related Videos

Partial Sciatic Nerve Ligation: A Mouse Model of Chronic Neuropathic Pain to Study the Antinociceptive Effect of Novel Therapies

Partial Sciatic Nerve Ligation: A Mouse Model of Chronic Neuropathic Pain to Study the Antinociceptive Effect of Novel Therapies

Published on: October 6, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

The Sciatic Nerve Cuffing Model of Neuropathic Pain in Mice

The Sciatic Nerve Cuffing Model of Neuropathic Pain in Mice

Published on: July 16, 2014

Partial Sciatic Nerve Ligation: A Mouse Model of Chronic Neuropathic Pain to Study the Antinociceptive Effect of Novel Therapies

Partial Sciatic Nerve Ligation: A Mouse Model of Chronic Neuropathic Pain to Study the Antinociceptive Effect of Novel Therapies

Published on: October 6, 2022

Impact:

Provides a comprehensive overview of neuropathic pain for clinicians and researchers.
Emphasizes the shift towards targeted pharmacological interventions, particularly antiepileptic drugs, for improved patient outcomes.