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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Swab Sampling Method for the Detection of Human Norovirus on Surfaces

Swab Sampling Method for the Detection of Human Norovirus on Surfaces

Published on: February 6, 2017

Probabilities in norovirus outbreak diagnosis.

Erwin Duizer¹, Annemarie Pielaat, Harry Vennema

¹Center for Infectious Diseases Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Erwin.Duizer@RIVM.NL

Journal of Clinical Virology : the Official Publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology

|July 17, 2007

Summary

Norovirus outbreaks require careful diagnosis. Testing more samples with ELISA or RT-PCR increases accuracy, with ELISA needing at least six samples for reliable norovirus detection.

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Published on: January 16, 2016

Area of Science:

Gastroenterology
Infectious Diseases
Diagnostic Microbiology

Background:

Noroviruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks.
Current diagnostic methods like RT-PCR are not widely accessible.
Antigen detection tests (ELISAs) are less sensitive than RT-PCR.

Purpose of the Study:

Establish a scientific basis for confirming norovirus as the cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks.
Determine optimal sample sizes for accurate norovirus outbreak diagnosis.

Main Methods:

Utilized binomial distribution for statistical analysis.
Calculated the minimum positive samples needed to confirm an outbreak.
Assessed the probability of detecting outbreaks with varying sample sizes and test types.

Main Results:

One positive sample out of 2-4 is sufficient to declare a norovirus outbreak.
ELISA has a low detection probability with small sample sizes (57% for 2 samples).
RT-PCR requires at least 3 samples, and ELISA requires 6 samples for a 90% detection probability.

Conclusions:

Increasing sample size from 2 to 6 significantly improves diagnostic sensitivity for both ELISA and RT-PCR.
ELISA can lead to false-negative outbreaks if fewer than 6 samples are tested.
Accurate norovirus outbreak diagnosis necessitates adequate sample sizes tailored to the chosen diagnostic method.