Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 13, 2026

A Method to Study the C924T Polymorphism of the Thromboxane A2 Receptor Gene
Published on: April 1, 2019
Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism in Kuwaiti patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
A M Al-Awadhi1, M Z Haider, P N Sharma
1Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Kuwait University, and Rheumatic Disease Unit, Al-Amiri Hospital, Kuwait. aalawadhi@hsc.edu.kw
Objective:
To investigate the frequency of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism genotypes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and to study the correlation between I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene and the clinical manifestations of SLE, especially vascular involvement, lupus nephritis and disease severity.
Methods:
The frequency of ACE gene I/D polymorphism genotypes was determined in 92 patients with SLE from Kuwait, and compared to that in 100 ethnically matched healthy controls using the polymerase chain reaction.
Results:
The distribution of ACE I/D polymorphism and allele frequencies in SLE patients was not significantly different from controls. Further analyses of SLE patients showed that there was a significant association between DD genotype and Raynaud's phenomenon (p=0.008, odd ratio=5.4, 95% confidence interval: 1.6-18.6). However, there was no significant association between the ACE genotype and lupus nephritis or disease severity.
Conclusion:
No difference was found between the distribution of the ACE genotype in SLE patients and the general pop-ulation in Kuwait. However, the presence of the DD genotype may confer susceptibility to the development of vascular morbidity.
Related Concept Videos
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase
Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu
Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase
Antihypertensive Drugs: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs
Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System