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Factors Affecting Solubility

Factors Affecting Solubility

Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:

Hydration of Cement

Hydration of Cement

Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...

Additives and Fillers in Concrete

Additives and Fillers in Concrete

Additives and fillers are integral to enhancing the properties of concrete. Pozzolans and blast-furnace slag are additives or admixtures due to their reactions with calcium hydroxide released during cement hydration. Fillers, which are finely ground and similar in fineness to Portland cement, improve concrete attributes such as workability density, and reduce capillary bleeding or cracking. Some fillers possess hydraulic properties or participate in benign reactions within the cement paste.
The...

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary cation—the calcium...

Accelerators

Accelerators

Accelerators in concrete serve as admixtures to speed up the hardening process, enabling the concrete to achieve early strength faster. Although accelerators do not necessarily impact the time it takes concrete to set, they reduce this time in practice. A common accelerator is calcium chloride, which is particularly useful for hastening early strength development in cold weather or for rapid repair jobs that require quick heat generation after mixing.
The effectiveness of calcium chloride can...

Superplasticizers

Superplasticizers

Superplasticizers are advanced admixtures that enhance the workability of concrete by lowering the water content without compromising the strength of the material. These substances are highly effective water reducers, improving concrete flow, making it easier to work with, and enabling concrete to reach inaccessible areas or densely reinforced sections without mechanical vibration. The key components in superplasticizers are either sulfonated melamine or naphthalene formaldehyde condensates,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent

Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent

Published on: February 21, 2017

[Solidification/Stabilization (S/S) of sludge using calcium-bentonite as additive].

Wei Zhu¹, Cheng Lin, Lei Li

¹State Key Laboratory of Hydrology Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China. weizhu@jlonline.com

Huan Jing Ke Xue= Huanjing Kexue

|July 18, 2007

Summary

Calcium-bentonite significantly enhances cement-based solidification/stabilization (S/S) of sludge. This additive reduces cement usage, improves strength, and minimizes heavy metal leaching and high pH, offering a sustainable solution for sludge management.

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Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent

Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent

Published on: February 21, 2017

Calcium Carbonate Formation in the Presence of Biopolymeric Additives

Calcium Carbonate Formation in the Presence of Biopolymeric Additives

Published on: May 14, 2019

Sandy Soil Improvement through Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) by Immersion

Sandy Soil Improvement through Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) by Immersion

Published on: September 12, 2019

Area of Science:

Environmental Engineering
Materials Science

Context:

Sludge solidification/stabilization (S/S) using cement faces challenges with high cement consumption and elevated pH leachate.
Heavy metal contamination in solidified sludge poses environmental risks.

Purpose:

To investigate the efficacy of calcium-bentonite as an additive in cement-based S/S of sludge.
To evaluate the impact of calcium-bentonite on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS), leachate properties (heavy metals, COD, pH), and volume of solidified sludge.

Summary:

Adding calcium-bentonite to cement-based sludge S/S significantly increases the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the solidified sludge, with optimal results when half the cement is replaced by bentonite.
Calcium-bentonite addition leads to a notable decrease in the leaching ratios of zinc and lead, and a reduction in leachate pH.
The additive also improves the stability of copper within the solidified sludge, mitigating leaching caused by organic dissolution or drying.

Impact:

Calcium-bentonite acts as an effective additive, reducing cement demand and improving the mechanical properties and environmental safety of solidified sludge.
This approach offers a more sustainable and cost-effective method for sludge treatment and disposal.
Enhanced stability of heavy metals, particularly copper, reduces the risk of environmental contamination.