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Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is a globular protein made up of four subunits. Two of these subunits are alpha chains, and the other two are beta chains. Each subunit contains a molecule of heme, which has an iron atom and can bind to oxygen. When an oxygen molecule binds to one heme group, it changes the shape of hemoglobin, making it easier for the other heme groups to bind oxygen as well.
When all four heme groups are bound to oxygen, the resulting molecule is called oxyhemoglobin. As a result, arterial blood...

Overview of Hematopoiesis

Overview of Hematopoiesis

Hematopoiesis, or blood cell production, is a vital biological process that begins early in embryonic development and continues throughout life. This process generates the various types of cells found in blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).
Developmental Phases of Hematopoiesis
Initially, HSCs are formed in the embryonic yolk sac, a critical site for early blood cell production. These stem cells subsequently migrate to other...

Hematopoiesis

Hematopoiesis

The process of blood cell formation is called hematopoiesis. Hematopoiesis starts early during development, on the seventh day of embryogenesis. This phase of hematopoiesis is called the primitive wave, wherein the extraembryonic yolk sac allows the production of erythroid cells and endothelial cells from a common precursor called hemangioblast. The erythroid cells provide oxygen to support the growth of the rapidly dividing embryo. Hemangioblasts later develop into hematopoietic stem cells or...

Disorders of Hemostasis

Disorders of Hemostasis

Hemostasis, the process that stops bleeding after a blood vessel injury, is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the circulatory system. However, disorders of hemostasis can disrupt this delicate balance, leading to either excessive clotting or bleeding. These disorders can be broadly classified into thromboembolic disorders and bleeding disorders.
Thromboembolic Disorders
Two factors primarily cause thromboembolic conditions.

Introduction to Hemostasis

Introduction to Hemostasis

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Blood Transfusion

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Homing of Hematopoietic Cells to the Bone Marrow

Homing of Hematopoietic Cells to the Bone Marrow

Published on: March 18, 2009

[Hemobilia].

D Galun¹, D Basarić, N Lekić

¹Institut za bolesti digestivnog sistema, Prva hirurska klinika, KCS, Beograd.

Acta Chirurgica Iugoslavica

|July 20, 2007

Summary

Haemobilia, a rare cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, presents with abdominal pain and jaundice. Transarterial embolization is the primary treatment, with surgery as a fallback.

Area of Science:

Gastroenterology
Hepatology
Vascular Surgery

Context:

Haemobilia is a rare condition involving bleeding into the biliary tree.
Historically documented since the 17th century, its etiology, presentation, and management are now well-defined.
It is crucial to consider haemobilia in the differential diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

Purpose:

To outline the etiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, and management strategies for haemobilia.
To emphasize the importance of considering haemobilia in patients with relevant symptoms.
To highlight current best practices in managing this rare condition.

Summary:

The leading causes in Western countries are iatrogenic hepatic trauma, while neoplasms and vascular issues are less common.

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Continuous Manual Exchange Transfusion for Patients with Sickle Cell Disease: An Efficient Method to Avoid Iron Overload

Continuous Manual Exchange Transfusion for Patients with Sickle Cell Disease: An Efficient Method to Avoid Iron Overload

Published on: March 14, 2017

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Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Homing of Hematopoietic Cells to the Bone Marrow

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Published on: March 18, 2009

Continuous Manual Exchange Transfusion for Patients with Sickle Cell Disease: An Efficient Method to Avoid Iron Overload

Continuous Manual Exchange Transfusion for Patients with Sickle Cell Disease: An Efficient Method to Avoid Iron Overload

Published on: March 14, 2017

In the Orient, parasitic infections and cholangitis are additional etiological factors.

Clinical presentation classically includes upper abdominal pain, gastrointestinal bleeding, and jaundice (Quinke triad).

Diagnostic approaches include upper endoscopy, CT, and angiography, with endoscopic findings of a clot at the papilla of Vater being indicative.

Transarterial embolization is the gold standard for management, with surgical intervention reserved for treatment failures.

Impact:

Provides a comprehensive overview for clinicians managing patients with potential haemobilia.
Aids in the differential diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, particularly in post-procedural or trauma patients.
Establishes transarterial embolization as the primary therapeutic modality, guiding clinical decision-making.