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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Hemostasis01:05

Introduction to Hemostasis

Hemostasis is a complex physiological process that prevents excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. It's crucial for maintaining the integrity of the circulatory system, as it ensures that our blood remains fluid while still within the vascular network and yet clots to prevent blood loss upon vessel injury.
The three phases of hemostasis involve many clotting factors present in plasma and several substances released by platelets and injured tissue cells. It is a fast, localized, and...
Blood Flow01:29

Blood Flow

Blood is pumped by the heart into the aorta, the largest artery in the body, and then into increasingly smaller arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. The velocity of blood flow decreases with increased cross-sectional blood vessel area. As blood returns to the heart through venules and veins, its velocity increases. The movement of blood is encouraged by smooth muscle in the vessel walls, the movement of skeletal muscle surrounding the vessels, and one-way valves that prevent backflow.
Disorders of Hemostasis01:24

Disorders of Hemostasis

Hemostasis, the process that stops bleeding after a blood vessel injury, is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the circulatory system. However, disorders of hemostasis can disrupt this delicate balance, leading to either excessive clotting or bleeding. These disorders can be broadly classified into thromboembolic disorders and bleeding disorders.
Thromboembolic Disorders
Two factors primarily cause thromboembolic conditions.
Anatomy of the Circulatory System02:03

Anatomy of the Circulatory System

The human circulatory system consists of blood, blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, around the body, and back to the heart, and the heart itself, which acts as a central pump. The systemic circuit supplies blood to the whole body, the coronary circuit supplies blood to the heart, and the pulmonary circuit supplies blood flow between the heart and lungs.
Autoregulation of Blood Flow01:17

Autoregulation of Blood Flow

Autoregulation mechanisms are characterized by their inherent capacity for self-regulation without necessitating specific nervous stimulation or endocrine control. These mechanisms facilitate the adjustment of blood flow and, therefore, perfusion specific to each tissue region. This self-regulation encompasses chemical signals and myogenic controls.
Chemical Signaling in Autoregulation
Chemical signaling operates at the precapillary sphincter level, inciting either contraction or relaxation.
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Controlled Microfluidic Environment for Dynamic Investigation of Red Blood Cell Aggregation
10:27

Controlled Microfluidic Environment for Dynamic Investigation of Red Blood Cell Aggregation

Published on: June 4, 2015

Clinical haemorheology and microcirculation.

Lucia Mannini1, Emanuele Cecchi, Cinzia Fatini

  • 1Dipartimento di Area Critica Medico-Chirurgica, Sez. Clinica Medica Generale e Cliniche Specialistiche, Centro Trombosi, Università di Firenze, Viale Morgagni 85, 50134 Firenze, Italy. manninil@ao-careggi.toscana.it

Annali Dell'Istituto Superiore Di Sanita
|July 20, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Blood viscosity alterations and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene variations are linked to microvascular damage in conditions like sudden hearing loss. These factors may play a role in disease development and offer therapeutic targets.

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Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Controlled Microfluidic Environment for Dynamic Investigation of Red Blood Cell Aggregation
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Published on: June 4, 2015

Microfluidic Flow Chambers Using Reconstituted Blood to Model Hemostasis and Platelet Transfusion In Vitro
10:25

Microfluidic Flow Chambers Using Reconstituted Blood to Model Hemostasis and Platelet Transfusion In Vitro

Published on: March 19, 2016

Micro-particle Image Velocimetry for Velocity Profile Measurements of Micro Blood Flows
07:53

Micro-particle Image Velocimetry for Velocity Profile Measurements of Micro Blood Flows

Published on: April 25, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Vascular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Rheology

Background:

  • Hyperviscosity, stemming from blood cell and plasma changes, can cause microvascular damage.
  • Endothelial nitric oxide (NO) is vital for vasodilation, and its reduced availability, potentially due to endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) gene polymorphisms, can impair erythrocyte deformability and increase blood viscosity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between haemorheological variables, microvascular damage models (idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss - ISSHL, retinal vein occlusion - RVO, systemic sclerosis - SSc), and eNOS gene polymorphisms (T-786C, G894T, 4a/4b).

Main Methods:

  • Assessed whole blood and plasma viscosity using a rotational viscosimeter.
  • Measured erythrocyte deformability index (DI) with a Myrenne filtrometer.
  • Analyzed eNOS polymorphisms in ISSHL and SSc patients.

Main Results:

  • Multivariate analysis revealed significant associations between altered haemorheological variables and ISSHL, RVO, and SSc.
  • A higher prevalence of eNOS -786C and 894T polymorphisms was observed in ISSHL and SSc patients compared to controls.
  • These specific eNOS polymorphisms significantly impacted erythrocyte deformability in both ISSHL and SSc patient groups.

Conclusions:

  • Hyperviscosity, whether genetically influenced or not, appears implicated in the pathophysiology of ISSHL, RVO, and SSc.
  • These findings suggest that targeting hyperviscosity could be a potential therapeutic strategy for these microvascular disorders.