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Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Placement of Extracranial Stimulating Electrodes and Measurement of Cerebral Blood Flow and Intracranial Electrical Fields in Anesthetized Mice
Published on: June 2, 2023
V Fodale1, D Schifilliti, A Conti
1Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatric and Anesthesiological Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy. vfodale@unime.it
Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is a non-invasive method to study anesthetic drug effects on cerebral blood flow. This review covers TCD basics and how common anesthetic agents impact brain hemodynamics.
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