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Related Concept Videos

G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

G-Protein Gated Ion Channels

GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
Sensory organs,...
Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins01:22

Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins

Heterotrimeric G proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. As the name suggests, heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. They remain GDP-bound or GTP-bound inside the cells and switch between inactive/active states. The Gα subunit possesses the nucleotide-binding pocket that binds guanine nucleotides and switches between GDP or GTP-bound states. In contrast, the Gꞵ and Gγ subunits are always bound together with high affinity and are together...
TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...
GPCR Desensitization01:12

GPCR Desensitization

G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling plays a crucial role in cell functioning. GPCR desensitization is an equally essential process. It allows cells to respond to changing environments and regain sensitivity to new stimuli while preventing unnecessary stimulation when no longer needed. Prolonged exposure to stimuli leads to GPCR desensitization. It involves blocking the receptors from binding and activating additional G proteins. This inhibits activation of downstream effectors, thereby...
Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze the...
IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and produces two-second...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development
09:32

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development

Published on: June 15, 2017

Illuminating Gbeta5 signaling.

Corinne E Zeller1, Henrik G Dohlman

  • 1Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 116 Manning Dr., CB 7260, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.

Molecular Pharmacology
|July 20, 2007
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals novel intracellular roles for G proteins, challenging the traditional plasma membrane focus. New imaging techniques visualize atypical G protein subunit interactions, expanding our understanding of cellular signaling pathways.

Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Molecular Pharmacology
  • Signal Transduction

Background:

  • G proteins are crucial for cellular signaling, traditionally viewed as plasma membrane-localized heterotrimeric complexes.
  • Emerging evidence suggests G protein involvement in intracellular compartments, with diverse subunit compositions.
  • Atypical Gbetagamma pairings and alternative gamma subunit partners are increasingly recognized.

Discussion:

  • This study employs advanced fluorescent cell imaging to investigate G protein beta(5) subunit interactions.
  • The research examines interactions with various Ggamma subunits and Regulator of G protein Signaling (RGS) proteins containing Ggamma-like domains.
  • This innovative approach allows for detailed spatial and temporal analysis of G protein dynamics.

Key Insights:

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Studying TGF-β Signaling and TGF-β-induced Epithelial-to-mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer and Normal Cells
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Studying TGF-β Signaling and TGF-β-induced Epithelial-to-mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer and Normal Cells

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BRET-based G Protein Biosensors for Measuring G Protein-Coupled Receptor Activity in Live Cells
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BRET-based G Protein Biosensors for Measuring G Protein-Coupled Receptor Activity in Live Cells

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Studying TGF-β Signaling and TGF-β-induced Epithelial-to-mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer and Normal Cells

Published on: October 27, 2020

  • The study provides new insights into the localization and signaling of G proteins at intracellular sites.
  • It highlights the functional significance of non-canonical Gbetagamma subunit interactions.
  • The findings contribute to a more nuanced understanding of G protein signaling diversity.

Outlook:

  • This methodology offers a powerful strategy for studying the spatial and temporal aspects of G protein function.
  • Future research can utilize this technique to explore a wider range of atypical Gbetagamma pairings and their roles.
  • This work paves the way for a deeper comprehension of G protein-mediated cellular regulation.