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Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Operational and Intervention Effects of Targeted Tuina in Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Model Rabbits
06:03

Operational and Intervention Effects of Targeted Tuina in Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Model Rabbits

Published on: July 21, 2023

WITHDRAWN: Injection therapy for subacute and chronic benign low-back pain.

P J Nelemans1, R A de Bie, H C W de Vet

  • 1University of Maastricht, Epidemiology, Debyeplein 1, Maastricht, Netherlands, 6200 MD. Patty.Nelemans@epid.unimaas.nl

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|July 20, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Injection therapies for chronic low back pain lack convincing evidence of effectiveness. More high-quality trials are needed to determine the short- and long-term benefits of facet joint, epidural, and local injections.

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Biomechanical Changes Related to Low Back Pain: An Innovative Tool for Movement Pattern Assessment and Treatment Evaluation in Rehabilitation
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Biomechanical Changes Related to Low Back Pain: An Innovative Tool for Movement Pattern Assessment and Treatment Evaluation in Rehabilitation

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Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

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Biomechanical Changes Related to Low Back Pain: An Innovative Tool for Movement Pattern Assessment and Treatment Evaluation in Rehabilitation
06:28

Biomechanical Changes Related to Low Back Pain: An Innovative Tool for Movement Pattern Assessment and Treatment Evaluation in Rehabilitation

Published on: December 13, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Pain Management
  • Interventional Pain Medicine
  • Evidence-Based Medicine

Background:

  • Injection therapy, including anesthetics and steroids, is a common treatment for chronic low back pain.
  • The effectiveness of these injections for short- and long-term pain relief requires rigorous evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically evaluate the efficacy of injection therapy for low back pain lasting over one month.
  • To differentiate effectiveness based on injection site: facet joint, epidural, or local.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search of Medline and Embase databases up to 1996 was conducted.
  • Included were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of injection therapy for non-cancerous low back pain exceeding one month.
  • Methodological quality was assessed, and subgroup analyses were performed based on control groups, injection sites, and outcome timing.

Main Results:

  • Twenty-one RCTs were reviewed, with only 11 comparing injection therapy to placebo.
  • Many studies exhibited low methodological quality; only three well-designed explanatory trials were identified.
  • Pooled relative risks (RR) for local injections showed a long-term benefit (RR=0.79, 95% CI: 0.65-0.96), while other sites and timings lacked significant, consistent evidence.

Conclusions:

  • Current evidence supporting the effectiveness of injection therapies for low back pain is not convincing.
  • There is a critical need for well-designed, explanatory randomized controlled trials to establish definitive treatment guidelines.