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Related Concept Videos

Classification of Titrimetric Analysis Based on Reaction Types01:01

Classification of Titrimetric Analysis Based on Reaction Types

Titrimetric analysis in solution chemistry involves measuring the volume of solutions and is often called volumetric analysis. The standard solution of known concentration in the burette is called the titrant, whereas the solution of unknown concentration in the flask is called the analyte, or titrand. Titrimetric analyses can be classified into four types based on the reactions between the titrant and analyte.
Titrations between an acid and a base lead to neutralization reactions that form...
Chromatographic Methods: Classification01:12

Chromatographic Methods: Classification

Chromatographic techniques are classified in three ways: the classification is based on the physical state of the stationary and mobile phases, how the mobile phase and the stationary phase contact each other, or through the chemical or physical processes that isolate the components of the sample. Typically, the mobile phase is either a liquid or gas, while the stationary phase is either a solid or a liquid layer applied to a solid surface.
Chromatographic techniques are typically named by...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

The Terroir Concept Interpreted through Grape Berry Metabolomics and Transcriptomics
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Classification of Aurantii Fructus samples by multivariate analysis.

Ching-Ching Chuang1, Wu-Che Wen, Shuenn-Jyi Sheu

  • 1Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, 88 Section 4 Ting-chow Road, Taipei 11718, Taiwan.

Journal of Separation Science
|July 20, 2007
PubMed
Summary

This study used HPLC and multivariate analysis to differentiate Aurantii Fructus Immaturus (Poncitrus trifoliata) from Aurantii Fructus Maturus (Citrus aurantium and C. wilsonii). The methods accurately classified samples, confirming their botanical origins.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacognosy
  • Chemometrics
  • Botanical authentication

Background:

  • Aurantii Fructus is used in traditional medicine, but commercial samples can be misidentified.
  • Distinguishing between immature (P. trifoliata) and mature (C. aurantium, C. wilsonii) fruits is crucial for quality control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To authenticate the botanical origin of commercial Aurantii Fructus samples.
  • To develop a reliable method for classifying P. trifoliata, C. aurantium, and C. wilsonii.

Main Methods:

  • High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to quantify 12 chemical constituents.
  • Multivariate statistical analyses, including Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Cluster Analysis (CA), and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), were applied.

Main Results:

  • PCA and CA successfully grouped the 50 samples into three distinct clusters: P. trifoliata, C. aurantium, and C. wilsonii.
  • LDA achieved 100% correct classification for all three groups, demonstrating high accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • The combined HPLC and multivariate analysis approach provides a robust method for the accurate botanical authentication of Aurantii Fructus.
  • This technique can effectively differentiate between P. trifoliata, C. aurantium, and C. wilsonii in commercial herbal markets.