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Related Concept Videos

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II03:35

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization
π Molecular Orbitals of 1,3-Butadiene01:24

π Molecular Orbitals of 1,3-Butadiene

Conjugated dienes have lower heats of hydrogenation than cumulated and isolated dienes, making them more stable. The enhanced stabilization of conjugated systems can be understood from their π molecular orbitals.
The simplest conjugated diene is 1,3-butadiene: a four-carbon system where each carbon is sp2-hybridized and has an unhybridized p orbital that contains an unpaired electron. According to molecular orbital theory, atomic orbitals combine to form molecular orbitals such that the number...
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I03:24

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model01:18

Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model

According to the molecular orbital (MO) model, benzene has a planar structure with a regular hexagon of six sp2 hybridized carbons. As shown in Figure 1, each carbon is bonded to three other atoms with C–C–C and H–C–C bond angles of 120°. The C–H bond length is 109 pm, and the C–C bond length is 139 pm which is midway between the single bond length of sp3 hybridized carbons (154 pm) and sp2 hybridized carbons (133 pm).
Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene01:17

Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene

The electrophilic addition of hydrogen halides such as HBr to alkenes and nonconjugated dienes gives a single product as per Markovnikov’s rule.
Bond Energies and Bond Lengths02:49

Bond Energies and Bond Lengths

Stable molecules exist because covalent bonds hold the atoms together. The strength of a covalent bond is measured by the energy required to break it, that is, the energy necessary to separate the bonded atoms. Separating any pair of bonded atoms requires energy — the stronger a bond, the greater the energy required to break it.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of Phosphorus(I)
08:46

Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of Phosphorus(I)

Published on: November 22, 2016

A new 4c-2e bond in B6H7-.

Kathrin Hofmann1, Marc H Prosenc, Barbara R Albert

  • 1Darmstadt University of Technology, Petersenstr. 18, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|July 20, 2007
PubMed
Summary

A proton is localized on a face of the N(C(4)H(9))(4)B(6)H(7) octahedron. Topological analysis reveals the formation of rhomboid rings, indicating specific structural arrangements in this boron cluster compound.

Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Boron clusters are complex polyhedral structures with unique bonding characteristics.
  • Understanding the precise location and behavior of protons within these clusters is crucial for predicting their properties.
  • The specific compound N(C(4)H(9))(4)B(6)H(7) presents an interesting case due to its distorted octahedral geometry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the precise localization of a proton within the N(C(4)H(9))(4)B(6)H(7) cluster.
  • To investigate the structural and bonding implications of this proton localization.
  • To elucidate the formation of specific ring structures within the boron framework.

Main Methods:

  • Topological analysis of charge densities was employed.

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Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of Phosphorus(I)
08:46

Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of Phosphorus(I)

Published on: November 22, 2016

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  • Quantum chemical calculations were performed to model the electronic structure.
  • The spatial distribution of electrons and nuclei was analyzed to identify proton positions.

    • Main Results:

    • A proton was definitively localized above one face of the distorted B(6) octahedron.
    • Topological analysis confirmed the formation of rhomboid ring structures.
    • The bonding within the cluster was characterized, showing specific interactions related to the proton's position.

    Conclusions:

    • The proton's location significantly influences the electronic and structural properties of the N(C(4)H(9))(4)B(6)H(7) cluster.
    • The formation of rhomboid rings is a direct consequence of the proton's specific placement.
    • This study provides a detailed understanding of proton behavior in distorted boron cages.