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Related Experiment Video

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Quadruple-Checkerboard: A Modification of the Three-Dimensional Checkerboard for Studying Drug Combinations

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Published on: July 24, 2021

Checkers is solved.

Jonathan Schaeffer¹, Neil Burch, Yngvi Björnsson

¹Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E8, Canada. jonathan@cs.ualberta.ca

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|July 21, 2007

Summary

Checkers has been solved, proving that perfect play from both sides results in a draw. This landmark achievement in artificial intelligence (AI) tackles the game's immense complexity, estimated at 5 x 10^20 possible positions.

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Area of Science:

Computer Science
Artificial Intelligence
Game Theory

Background:

The game of checkers possesses an astronomical number of possible positions (5 x 10^20), making its complete analysis a significant computational challenge.
Solving complex games requires advanced artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, moving beyond heuristic-based strategies seen in programs like Deep Blue for chess.

Purpose of the Study:

To definitively solve the game of checkers by determining the outcome under conditions of perfect play from both sides.
To apply state-of-the-art AI and computational methods to tackle one of the most complex popular board games ever devised.

Main Methods:

Utilized advanced artificial intelligence techniques and extensive computational resources over decades to analyze all possible game states.
Employed a systematic approach to game-solving, replacing heuristic approximations with exhaustive proof generation.

Main Results:

The game of checkers is officially solved, with the definitive outcome established as a draw when both players execute perfect strategies.
This represents the most complex popular game to date to have been computationally solved, surpassing Connect Four by approximately one million times in complexity.

Conclusions:

The successful resolution of checkers demonstrates the power of AI in solving complex combinatorial problems.
Perfect play in checkers guarantees a draw, a significant finding for game theory and computational intelligence research.