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Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine
Published on: March 13, 2017
Glaciers dominate eustatic sea-level rise in the 21st century
Mark F Meier1, Mark B Dyurgerov, Ursula K Rick
1Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, UCB 450, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0450, USA. mark.meier@colorado.edu
Abstract:
Ice loss to the sea currently accounts for virtually all of the sea-level rise that is not attributable to ocean warming, and about 60% of the ice loss is from glaciers and ice caps rather than from the two ice sheets. The contribution of these smaller glaciers has accelerated over the past decade, in part due to marked thinning and retreat of marine-terminating glaciers associated with a dynamic instability that is generally not considered in mass-balance and climate modeling. This acceleration of glacier melt may cause 0.1 to 0.25 meter of additional sea-level rise by 2100.
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