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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Gastroenteritis01:18

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid receptor...
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Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Antimicrobials as Antidiarrheal Agents

Acute diarrhea, a common gastrointestinal disturbance, is characterized by the rapid evacuation of fluid stools, leading to an excessive weight in fluid. This condition typically arises from disorders affecting intestinal water and electrolyte transport. It can be triggered by an increased osmotic load within the intestine, excessive secretion of electrolytes and water, mucosal exudation of protein and fluid, or altered intestinal motility. The primary risks of acute diarrhea are dehydration...
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Amebiasis

Entamoeba histolytica, a protozoan parasite, is responsible for intestinal and extraintestinal amebiasis. Though a significant proportion of infections remain asymptomatic, approximately 50 million individuals annually are estimated to present with clinical disease, resulting in up to 100,000 deaths globally. The disease burden is disproportionately high in regions with lower socioeconomic status, such as parts of India, Africa, Mexico, and Latin America.Etiology and TransmissionThe infective...
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Giardiasis is a globally prevalent intestinal infection caused by the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis (also known as G. lamblia or G. intestinalis). This flagellated protozoan is the most frequently identified intestinal parasite in the United States and worldwide. Transmission primarily occurs via the fecal-oral route, with infection arising from ingestion of water or food contaminated with cysts. Individuals in low-resource settings, international travelers, outdoor enthusiasts, daycare...
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The human gut microbiome includes a diverse array of microbial species, including beneficial commensals and opportunistic pathogens, which interact to support host health. These microbes contribute to essential functions such as nutrient metabolism, immune system modulation, and maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity. However, disruptions to this equilibrium—referred to as dysbiosis—can have widespread physiological consequences.Dysbiosis is often characterized by reduced microbial...
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Antibiotic associated diarrhoea: infectious causes.

A Ayyagari1, J Agarwal, A Garg

  • 1Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow - 226014, UP, India.

Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology
|July 24, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Clostridium difficile causes nearly 25% of antibiotic-associated diarrheas (AAD). Diagnosis and treatment vary from antibiotic withdrawal for mild cases to metronidazole or vancomycin for severe C. difficile infections.

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is a significant clinical issue.
  • Clostridium difficile is the most common pathogen causing AAD, accounting for approximately 25% of cases.
  • Other less frequent causes include Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella spp.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the causes, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of antibiotic-associated diarrheas.
  • To highlight the role of Clostridium difficile as a primary pathogen in AAD.
  • To discuss treatment strategies for varying severities of AAD.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of antibiotic-associated diarrheas.
  • Focus on Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) epidemiology and pathogenesis.
  • Analysis of diagnostic methods and therapeutic interventions for AAD.

Main Results:

  • Clostridium difficile is the leading identified cause of AAD.
  • Antibiotics like clindamycin, cephalosporins, ampicillin, and amoxicillin are frequently associated with C. difficile-associated diarrhea.
  • Diagnosis relies on toxin B cytotoxicity assays, with ELISA kits offering rapid but less sensitive results.

Conclusions:

  • Mild to moderate AAD may resolve with antibiotic withdrawal.
  • Severe cases of AAD require pharmacologic treatment, with oral metronidazole as first-line and oral vancomycin as second-line therapy.
  • Probiotics show potential for managing recurrent cases of AAD.