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Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the kidneys...

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Updated: Jul 13, 2026

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

Published on: February 28, 2013

Hyperglycaemia and cardiovascular disease.

M Bartnik¹, A Norhammar, L Rydén

¹Department of Medicine, Kärnsjukhuset, Skövde, Sweden.

Journal of Internal Medicine

|July 25, 2007

Summary

Early detection of abnormal glucose metabolism is crucial for preventing cardiovascular complications in patients with coronary artery disease. Identifying these disturbances can guide secondary prevention strategies and improve patient outcomes.

Area of Science:

Cardiology
Endocrinology
Public Health

Background:

Coronary artery disease (CAD) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are prevalent chronic diseases with significant overlap.
Their co-occurrence substantially increases mortality and morbidity.
Cardiovascular disease risk escalates with rising blood glucose, even at normal levels.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the need for early detection of glucometabolic disturbances.
To emphasize the importance of identifying these issues for preventing cardiovascular complications.
To advocate for integrating glucose metabolism assessment into routine cardiac care.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on the prevalence and impact of glucose disturbances in cardiovascular disease.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

Published on: February 28, 2013

Analysis of the association between abnormal glucose tolerance and myocardial infarction.

Discussion of the role of oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT) in risk stratification.

Main Results:

Abnormal glucose tolerance is nearly twice as common in myocardial infarction patients compared to controls.
Normal glucose regulation is less common than abnormal glucose metabolism in stable CAD.
Abnormal glucose tolerance is a significant predictor of future cardiovascular events post-myocardial infarction.

Conclusions:

Early detection of glucose disturbances is essential for secondary prevention in CAD.
An oral glucose tolerance test should be part of the comprehensive risk evaluation for all CAD patients.
Glucose metabolism abnormalities are identifiable and actionable targets for novel preventive strategies.