Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Toxins01:12

Bacterial Toxins

Bacterial toxins are sophisticated virulence factors that enable pathogenic bacteria to interact with, invade, and damage host tissues. These toxins fall broadly into two types: protein exotoxins, which are secreted into the environment and target specific host receptors, and lipopolysaccharide endotoxins, which are structural components of the bacterial outer membrane released primarily during bacterial lysis or membrane shedding. Exotoxins generally act more selectively, binding to cell...
Diphtheria01:28

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...
Production of Biopesticides01:18

Production of Biopesticides

Biopesticides offer a sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides, utilizing microbial agents to control agricultural pests. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a widely employed bacterium known for its potent insecticidal activity. Bt biopesticides are favored for their specificity to insect pests, minimal environmental impact, and natural degradability.Mechanism of Bt Toxin Action Bt produces insecticidal crystal (Cry) proteins during its sporulation phase. These proteins form parasporal...
Inhalation Anthrax01:25

Inhalation Anthrax

Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium. It primarily affects herbivorous animals but can be transmitted to humans through skin contact, ingestion, or inhalation of spores.Cutaneous anthrax, the most common form, typically results from direct contact with bacterial spores through skin abrasions and is generally less severe. Gastrointestinal anthrax results from eating undercooked or contaminated meat. It affects the mouth, throat, or...
Types of Toxins01:36

Types of Toxins

Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...
Tetanus01:29

Tetanus

Tetanus is a life-threatening neurological disorder characterized by persistent muscle contractions and spastic paralysis. It is caused by Clostridium tetani, a motile, Gram-positive, rod-shaped, obligate anaerobe. These bacteria produce terminal endospores, giving them a distinctive “lollipop” or “tennis-racket” appearance. They thrive in anaerobic environments, such as those found in deep puncture wounds.Once introduced into the body, the spores germinate into vegetative cells. These cells...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Editorial: Recent advances in spore forming pathogenic bacteria.

Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology·2026
Same author

How Bacillus thuringiensis kills its insect host.

Journal of invertebrate pathology·2026
Same author

Pathogenesis of human-derived <i>Bacillus cereus</i> strains: lessons from the insect <i>Galleria mellonella</i> immune responses.

Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology·2026
Same author

Minor impact of probiotic bacteria and egg white on <i>Tenebrio molitor</i> growth, microbial composition, and pathogen infection.

Frontiers in insect science·2024
Same author

The immunostimulatory role of an <i>Enterococcus-</i>dominated gut microbiota in host protection against bacterial and fungal pathogens in <i>Galleria mellonella</i> larvae.

Frontiers in insect science·2024
Same author

Impact and Persistence of <i>Serratia marcescens</i> in <i>Tenebrio molitor</i> Larvae and Feed under Optimal and Stressed Mass Rearing Conditions.

Insects·2022

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Recombinant Protein Expression, Crystallization, and Biophysical Studies of a Bacillus-conserved Nucleotide Pyrophosphorylase, BcMazG
12:23

Recombinant Protein Expression, Crystallization, and Biophysical Studies of a Bacillus-conserved Nucleotide Pyrophosphorylase, BcMazG

Published on: May 16, 2017

A new Cry toxin with a unique two-component dependency from Bacillus sphaericus.

Gareth W Jones1, Christina Nielsen-Leroux, Yankun Yang

  • 1Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Ave., Cardiff CF10 3US, UK.

FASEB Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology
|July 25, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Researchers discovered a novel two-component mosquitocidal toxin, Cry48Aa1/Cry49Aa1, in Bacillus sphaericus strains. This unprecedented toxin combination overcomes existing resistance, offering a new tool for mosquito control.

More Related Videos

The Insect Galleria mellonella as a Powerful Infection Model to Investigate Bacterial Pathogenesis
13:00

The Insect Galleria mellonella as a Powerful Infection Model to Investigate Bacterial Pathogenesis

Published on: December 11, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Recombinant Protein Expression, Crystallization, and Biophysical Studies of a Bacillus-conserved Nucleotide Pyrophosphorylase, BcMazG
12:23

Recombinant Protein Expression, Crystallization, and Biophysical Studies of a Bacillus-conserved Nucleotide Pyrophosphorylase, BcMazG

Published on: May 16, 2017

The Insect Galleria mellonella as a Powerful Infection Model to Investigate Bacterial Pathogenesis
13:00

The Insect Galleria mellonella as a Powerful Infection Model to Investigate Bacterial Pathogenesis

Published on: December 11, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Insect Toxicology

Background:

  • Bacillus sphaericus produces mosquitocidal Bin proteins, but resistance is a growing concern.
  • Existing resistance necessitates the discovery of novel insecticidal toxins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize new toxins in Bacillus sphaericus strains resistant to existing mosquitocides.
  • To understand the mechanism of action of novel toxin combinations.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of resistant Bacillus sphaericus strains.
  • Protein characterization and toxicity assays.
  • Gene family analysis.

Main Results:

  • Discovery of a novel two-component toxin, Cry48Aa1 and Cry49Aa1.
  • Cry48Aa1 is related to Bacillus thuringiensis 3-domain crystal toxins; Cry49Aa1 is related to binary toxins.
  • Toxicity requires both Cry48Aa1 and Cry49Aa1, indicating an unprecedented interaction.
  • High potency of purified Cry48Aa1/Cry49Aa1 against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae.
  • Suboptimal activity in producing bacteria due to low Cry48Aa1 levels.

Conclusions:

  • A new mosquitocidal toxin system, Cry48Aa1/Cry49Aa1, has been identified.
  • This toxin represents a novel combination of gene families, potentially arising from "mix-and-match" evolution.
  • The Cry48Aa1/Cry49Aa1 system offers a promising new avenue for developing mosquito control strategies against resistant populations.