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The DNA Replication Fork

The DNA Replication Fork

An organism’s genome needs to be duplicated in an efficient and error-free manner for its growth and survival. The replication fork is a Y-shaped active region where two strands of DNA are separated and replicated continuously. The coupling of DNA unzipping and complementary strand synthesis is a characteristic feature of a replication fork. Organisms with small circular DNA, such as E. coli, often have a single origin of replication; therefore, they have only two replication forks, one in...

The DNA Replication Fork

The DNA Replication Fork

An organism’s genome needs to be duplicated in an efficient and error-free manner for its growth and survival. The replication fork is a Y-shaped active region where two strands of DNA are separated and replicated continuously. The coupling of DNA unzipping and complementary strand synthesis is a characteristic feature of a replication fork. Organisms with small circular DNA, such as E. coli, often have a single origin of replication; therefore, they have only two replication forks, one in...

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart, a...

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart, a...

Replication in Prokaryotes

Replication in Prokaryotes

DNA replication has three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Replication in prokaryotes begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication (ori) on the cell's circular chromosome. Replication then proceeds around the entire circle of the chromosome in each direction from the two replication forks, resulting in two DNA molecules.
Many Proteins Work Together to Replicate the Chromosome
Replication is coordinated and carried out by a host of specialized...

Replication in Prokaryotes

Replication in Prokaryotes

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Visualization of DNA Replication in the Vertebrate Model System DT40 using the DNA Fiber Technique

Visualization of DNA Replication in the Vertebrate Model System DT40 using the DNA Fiber Technique

Published on: October 27, 2011

Fork it over: the cohesion establishment factor Ctf7p and DNA replication.

Robert V Skibbens¹, Marie Maradeo, Laura Eastman

¹Lehigh University, Department of Biological Sciences, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA. rvs3@lehigh.edu

Journal of Cell Science

|July 25, 2007

Summary

Sister chromatid cohesion is vital for cell division. New findings on the establishment factor Ctf7p/Eco1p binding DNA polymerase processivity factor (PCNA) and cohesin regulator Pds5p challenge existing models of how sister chromatids pair.

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Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Visualization of DNA Replication in the Vertebrate Model System DT40 using the DNA Fiber Technique

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Published on: October 27, 2011

Visualizing Single-molecule DNA Replication with Fluorescence Microscopy

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Published on: October 9, 2009

Direct Restart of a Replication Fork Stalled by a Head-On RNA Polymerase

Direct Restart of a Replication Fork Stalled by a Head-On RNA Polymerase

Published on: April 29, 2010

Area of Science:

Cell Biology
Molecular Biology
Genetics

Background:

Sister chromatid cohesion is essential for accurate chromosome segregation during cell division.
The molecular mechanisms underlying the establishment of sister chromatid cohesion are not fully understood and remain controversial.
Cohesin complexes are known to maintain this cohesion, but how they are specifically loaded onto and link sister chromatids is debated.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the molecular mechanism of sister chromatid pairing (establishment).
To test existing models of cohesin establishment in light of new experimental findings.
To elucidate the role of the establishment factor Ctf7p/Eco1p in sister chromatid cohesion.

Main Methods:

The study focuses on the recruitment and binding interactions of the establishment factor Ctf7p/Eco1p.
Investigated interactions with DNA polymerase processivity factor (PCNA) and cohesin regulator Pds5p.
Experimental data testing current models of sister chromatid pairing.

Main Results:

The establishment factor Ctf7p/Eco1p is recruited to DNA.
Ctf7p/Eco1p directly binds to both PCNA and Pds5p.
These findings provide new insights into the molecular players and mechanisms involved in sister chromatid pairing.

Conclusions:

The established models of sister chromatid pairing need re-evaluation in light of Ctf7p/Eco1p's interactions.
Ctf7p/Eco1p's binding to PCNA and Pds5p suggests a more complex and integrated mechanism for cohesin establishment.
This research advances our understanding of the fundamental process of ensuring genetic stability during cell division.