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Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

In 1971, Peter Perlman and Eva Engvall developed an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA or EIA). ELISA differs from western blot in that the assays are conducted in microtiter plates or in vivo rather than on an absorbent membrane.
There are many different types of ELISAs, but they all involve an antibody molecule whose constant region binds an enzyme, leaving the variable region free to bind its specific antigen. Enzyme-substrate reaction allows the antigen to be visualized or quantified.

Western Blotting

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Development and Validation of an Ultrasensitive Single Molecule Array Digital Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for Human Interferon-α

Development and Validation of an Ultrasensitive Single Molecule Array Digital Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for Human Interferon-α

Published on: June 14, 2018

Ultrasensitive assays for proteins.

Hongquan Zhang¹, Qiang Zhao, Xing-Fang Li

¹Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3.

|July 25, 2007

Summary

Ultra-sensitive protein detection is crucial for early disease diagnosis and biological studies. Recent technologies utilize polymerase amplification or nanomaterials to enhance protein measurement sensitivity.

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Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Development and Validation of an Ultrasensitive Single Molecule Array Digital Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for Human Interferon-α

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Published on: June 14, 2018

Fully Automated Centrifugal Microfluidic Device for Ultrasensitive Protein Detection from Whole Blood

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Published on: April 16, 2016

Highly Sensitive and Quantitative Detection of Proteins and Their Isoforms by Capillary Isoelectric Focusing Method

Highly Sensitive and Quantitative Detection of Proteins and Their Isoforms by Capillary Isoelectric Focusing Method

Published on: September 19, 2018

Area of Science:

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Biomedical Engineering
Analytical Chemistry

Background:

Proteins are vital biological molecules with diverse functions.
Ultra-low protein levels are key biomarkers for early disease detection.
Accurate protein measurement is essential for understanding biological systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To review novel technologies for ultra-sensitive protein detection.
To focus on polymerase amplification and nanomaterial-based techniques.
To discuss the principles, performance, applications, and limitations of these methods.

Main Methods:

Polymerase amplification of affinity DNA probes to increase detection molecules.
Signal amplification using nano-/micro-materials conjugated to affinity probes.
Leveraging unique material properties (electrical, optical, catalytic) for enhanced measurements.

Main Results:

Polymerase-based methods indirectly boost sensitivity by amplifying detection molecules.
Nano-/micro-material approaches enhance signals through unique material properties.
Both strategies offer improved capabilities for detecting low-abundance proteins.

Conclusions:

Novel technologies significantly advance ultra-sensitive protein detection capabilities.
These advancements are critical for early disease diagnostics and fundamental biological research.
Further development and application of these techniques hold great promise.