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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

Published on: July 8, 2015

Learning in cod (Gadus morhua): long trace interval retention.

Jonatan Nilsson¹, Tore S Kristiansen, Jan Erik Fosseidengen

¹Institute of Marine Research, 5392, Storebø, Norway. jonatan.nilsson@imr.no

Animal Cognition

|July 25, 2007

Summary

Atlantic cod demonstrate remarkable learning abilities, tolerating significant temporal gaps between associated events. These fish exhibit rapid learning and retain memory of associations for over three months.

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Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

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Published on: July 8, 2015

The Use of Trace Eyeblink Classical Conditioning to Assess Hippocampal Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

The Use of Trace Eyeblink Classical Conditioning to Assess Hippocampal Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Published on: August 5, 2017

Area of Science:

Animal behavior and cognition
Aquatic animal learning
Fish neurobiology

Background:

Limited understanding of learning capacities and awareness in fish species.
Need for research into temporal gap tolerance in associative learning in fish.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate the temporal gap tolerance of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in associative learning.
Determine the capacity for trace conditioning and long-term memory retention in Atlantic cod.

Main Methods:

Appetitive trace-conditioning paradigm using a blinking light (conditioned stimulus) and fish food (unconditioned stimulus).
Testing various temporal gaps: overlapping (delay conditioning), 20, 60, 120 seconds, and 2 hours (control).
Assessing learning through changes in fish location and anticipatory behavior, and memory retention through unrewarded conditioned stimulus presentations.

Main Results:

Atlantic cod showed significant associative learning in delay, 20s, 60s, and one 120s trace conditioning groups.
Strong anticipatory behaviors observed in 20s and 60s trace groups, indicating rapid learning within eight trials.
Memory retention demonstrated across conditioned groups for at least 3 months, with responses to the conditioned stimulus after long intervals.

Conclusions:

Atlantic cod possess a significant capacity for associative learning, effectively linking events separated by considerable time intervals.
The species exhibits robust long-term memory retention for learned associations, persisting for over three months.
Findings contribute to understanding fish cognition and highlight their advanced learning capabilities.