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Allergic Reactions

Allergic Reactions

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Basophil Activation Test for Allergy Diagnosis

Basophil Activation Test for Allergy Diagnosis

Published on: May 31, 2021

Urticaria is associated with birch-pollen sensitization.

B Hesselmar¹, B Eriksson, N Aberg

¹Department of Peadiatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy of Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden. bill.hesselmar@vgregion.se

Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology

|July 27, 2007

Summary

Urticaria is linked to birch pollen sensitization in children, suggesting cross-reactive foods may be a hidden cause. Further research is needed to confirm this connection.

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Area of Science:

Pediatric Allergy and Immunology
Dermatology
Environmental Health

Background:

Urticaria is a prevalent skin condition, often without a clear allergic trigger.
Identifying allergens for urticaria is challenging, impacting diagnosis and management.
Airborne allergens are common sensitizers, but their link to urticaria requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the association between urticaria and sensitization to common airborne allergens in children.
To determine if specific airborne allergens correlate with the occurrence of urticaria.
To explore potential cross-reactive food triggers in birch pollen-sensitized individuals with urticaria.

Main Methods:

A cohort of 402 children (12-13 years old) completed allergy questionnaires and interviews.
Skin prick tests were performed for common allergens including birch pollen, cat dander, and dust mites.
Specific IgE antibody levels were measured for birch pollen and cat dander.

Main Results:

Urticaria prevalence was higher in children sensitized to allergens.
A statistically significant association was found between urticaria and birch pollen sensitization (OR 1.99).
Elevated birch-specific IgE levels correlated with urticaria, unlike cat dander IgE.

Conclusions:

Urticaria in children is significantly associated with birch pollen sensitization.
Other common airborne allergens showed no significant link to urticaria in this cohort.
Cross-reactive foods with birch pollen may be a neglected cause of urticaria in sensitized children.