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Related Concept Videos

Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
Reporter Genes02:11

Reporter Genes

Reporter genes are a type of protein-coding gene that are often tagged to a gene of interest. Once inside a target cell, reporter genes usually produce visually identifiable characteristics like fluorescence and luminescence when expressed along with the gene of interest. Thus, reporter genes “report” the presence or absence of genes of interest in an organism, determine the gene expression pattern, or track the physical location of a DNA segment or protein in the cell.
Commonly used reporter...
Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors01:58

Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors

The organization of prokaryotic genes in their genome is notably different from that of eukaryotes. Prokaryotic genes are organized, such that the genes for proteins involved in the same biochemical process or function are located together in groups. This group of genes, along with their regulatory elements, are collectively known as an operon. The functional genes in an operon are transcribed together to give a single strand of mRNA known as polycistronic mRNA.
Transcription of prokaryotic...
Coordination of Gene Expression Processes in Bacteria01:29

Coordination of Gene Expression Processes in Bacteria

The DNA replication, transcription, and translation processes are intricately coupled in bacteria, allowing efficient gene expression and rapid protein synthesis. While this physical and functional coordination is advantageous, it introduces challenges that bacteria overcome through specific regulatory mechanisms.Coupling of Replication, Transcription, and TranslationThe coupling of replication, transcription, and translation is a hallmark of bacterial gene expression. As the replisome unwinds...
Operon Model01:23

Operon Model

The operon model represents a fundamental mechanism of gene regulation in prokaryotes, enabling coordinated expression of genes involved in related metabolic or functional pathways. Operons consist of structural genes, a promoter, and an operator, with transcription regulated by repressors, activators, and small effector molecules.Structure and Function of OperonsAn operon is a cluster of structural genes transcribed together under the control of a single promoter. The promoter region...
Operons02:09

Operons

Prokaryotes can control gene expression through operons—DNA sequences consisting of regulatory elements and clustered, functionally related protein-coding genes. Operons use a single promoter sequence to initiate transcription of a gene cluster (i.e., a group of structural genes) into a single mRNA molecule. The terminator sequence ends transcription. An operator sequence, located between the promoter and structural genes, prohibits the operon’s transcriptional activity if bound by a repressor...

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Applying an Inducible Expression System to Study Interference of Bacterial Virulence Factors with Intracellular Signaling
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Combinatorial promoter design for engineering noisy gene expression.

Kevin F Murphy1, Gábor Balázsi, James J Collins

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for BioDynamics and Center for Advanced Biotechnology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|July 27, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Synthetic biology uses computational modeling and experimentation to design artificial gene networks. This study shows promoter operator site position and number impact gene expression and noise in yeast, challenging simple bottom-up predictions.

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Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

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08:54

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Published on: March 29, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Synthetic biology
  • Systems biology
  • Molecular systems engineering

Background:

  • Understanding biomolecular component behavior in larger systems is key for synthetic biology.
  • Mathematical and computational modeling alongside experimentation are crucial for gene network design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how the position and number of tetO(2) operator sites in the GAL1 promoter affect gene expression and noise in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  • To develop computational models predicting gene network behavior based on experimental data.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a combinatorial promoter design strategy.
  • Utilized mathematical and computational modeling in parallel with experimentation.
  • Characterized gene expression levels and noise in yeast.

Main Results:

  • Moving a single operator site closer to the TATA box increased transcriptional repression and gene expression noise.
  • For multiple operator sites, both position and number influenced gene expression and noise.
  • A computational model accurately predicted observed experimental differences.

Conclusions:

  • The behavior of multiple operator promoters cannot be solely explained by independent repressor binding.
  • Joint experimental-computational efforts are vital for synthetic gene network design.
  • Complex synthetic gene networks may exhibit emergent properties not predictable from isolated components.