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Related Concept Videos

Pollination and Flower Structure02:40

Pollination and Flower Structure

Flowers are the reproductive, seed-producing structures of angiosperms. Typically, flowers consist of sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. Sepals and petals are the vegetative flower organs. Stamens and carpels are the reproductive organs.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

A Novel Behavioral Assay to Investigate Gustatory Responses of Individual, Freely-moving Bumble Bees (Bombus terrestris)
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Bilabiate flowers: the ultimate response to bees?

Christian Westerkamp1, Regine Classen-Bockhoff

  • 1Agronomia, Campus do Cariri, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Crato, CE, Brazil. chrisbio@ufc.br

Annals of Botany
|July 27, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Bilabiate flowers evolved to protect pollen from bees and ensure precise pollination. Their diverse forms show strong selection pressure, but bees continue to drive further floral evolution.

Area of Science:

  • Botany
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Floral Biology

Background:

  • Bilabiate flowers represent a striking example of parallel evolution across angiosperm lineages.
  • These floral structures are hypothesized to protect pollen from nectar-collecting bees.
  • A comprehensive survey of bilabiate floral diversity and functional constraints is currently lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To widen the concept of bilabiate flowers as a general evolutionary pattern.
  • To survey the diversity of bilabiate blossoms across angiosperms.
  • To introduce new functional terms for describing floral mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • A conceptual review integrating author observations and existing literature.
  • A systematic search for bilabiate flower examples across the angiosperms.

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  • Development of new functional terminology independent of morphology and taxonomy.

    • Main Results:

    • Bilabiate constructions are found in at least 38 angiosperm families, characterized by dorsiventral organization and dorsal pollen transfer.
    • These constructions occur at single flower, inflorescence, or 'walk-around flower' levels.
    • The bilabiate syndrome encompasses nototribic blossoms and specialized bee-flowers, with potential inclusion of bird and bat pollination.

    Conclusions:

    • Bilabiate blossoms effectively protect pollen and enhance pollination precision, particularly against bees.
    • The wide diversity of bilabiate forms underscores significant selection pressure for this syndrome.
    • Continuous bee evolution suggests that bilabiate constructions are not the final evolutionary endpoint.