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Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds

Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond.ElementsElements are classified as atomic or molecular based on the nature of their basic units. They are unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties that cannot break down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions. There...

Transition State Theory

Transition State Theory

Transition-state theory, also known as activated-complex theory, provides a molecular-level explanation of reaction rates in both gas-phase and solution-phase reactions. It extends earlier kinetic models by considering the formation of a short-lived, high-energy configuration during a reaction.The progress of a chemical reaction can be represented using a reaction profile, which plots potential energy against the reaction coordinate. As two reactant molecules approach one another, their...

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...

Properties of Transition Metals

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Bridging the Technology Divide in the COVID-19 Era: Using Virtual Outreach to Expose Middle and High School Students to Imaging Technology

Bridging the Technology Divide in the COVID-19 Era: Using Virtual Outreach to Expose Middle and High School Students to Imaging Technology

Published on: September 28, 2022

Transitions. The two high-school pillars supporting college science.

Philip M Sadler¹, Robert H Tai

¹Department of Science Education, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. psadler@cfa.harvard.edu

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|July 28, 2007

Summary

High school science courses outside a student's major do not improve college science grades. However, strong high school math skills are linked to better performance in introductory college science courses.

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Area of Science:

STEM Education
Higher Education Pedagogy

Background:

Student success in introductory college science courses (biology, chemistry, physics) is crucial for STEM pipeline progression.
The role of high school coursework, particularly out-of-discipline science, in predicting college readiness is debated.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the association between high school science course selection and student performance in foundational college science subjects.
To determine if high school mathematics coursework influences introductory college science performance.

Main Methods:

Analysis of student academic records, correlating high school course completion with college GPA in specific science subjects.
Statistical modeling to control for confounding variables and isolate the impact of high school math and science courses.

Main Results:

No significant association was found between taking out-of-discipline high school science courses and improved grades in college biology, chemistry, or physics.
A positive correlation was observed between the rigor and completion of high school mathematics courses and better performance in introductory college science.

Conclusions:

High school curriculum choices in science, when outside a student's intended major, may not provide a significant academic advantage for college science success.
Emphasis on robust high school mathematics education appears to be a more critical factor for preparing students for introductory college-level science courses.