[Structural organization and function of nuclear envelope]

Higher-eukaryotic membrane compartmentalization of different processes provides the control of functional activity in cells. The nuclear envelope that consists of outer and inner nuclear membranes, lamina, and nuclear pore complexes is one of the most significant and complex cell compartments. It separates DNA replication and transcription in the nucleus from RNA translation in the cytoplasm and regulates the nuclear-cytoplasmic transport of different molecules. This review describes and discusses the structural organization and biochemical composition of different nuclear envelope components (except nuclear pore complexes, which were discussed in our previous review) as well as its dynamics during mitosis in vitro and in vivo. Special attention is given to the role of lamina in a group of human genetic diseases, collectively referred to as laminopathies.