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Related Concept Videos

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:
SBAR II: Application of SBAR01:14

SBAR II: Application of SBAR

SBAR is an effective communication tool used by healthcare professionals to communicate patient information accurately. SBAR stands for Situation, Background, Assessment, and Recommendation. For a better understanding, an example is given below.
SBAR Report from a Nurse to a Health Care Provider
S: "Hello, Dr. Smith. This is Jane, RN, from the Med Surg unit. I am calling to tell you about Ms. White in Room 210, who is experiencing increased pain and redness at her incision site. Her recent...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Development of a Neonatal Piglet Acute Lung Injury Model Recreating the Early Environment of Preterm Infant Lungs
08:58

Development of a Neonatal Piglet Acute Lung Injury Model Recreating the Early Environment of Preterm Infant Lungs

Published on: October 31, 2025

Hypoglycemia in breastfed neonates.

Nancy E Wight1

  • 1Sharp Healthcare Lactation Service, San Diego, California, USA. wightsd@aol.com <wightsd@aol.com>

Breastfeeding Medicine : the Official Journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine
|July 31, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Healthy newborns naturally transition to breastfeeding without metabolic monitoring. Early, frequent breastfeeding meets infant needs, and routine screening is unnecessary and potentially harmful.

Area of Science:

  • Neonatal physiology
  • Infant nutrition
  • Lactation science

Background:

  • Newborns transition from intrauterine nutrient supply to extrauterine feeding patterns.
  • Homeostatic mechanisms support adequate energy supply to vital organs, including the brain, during feeding delays.
  • Breastfeeding is the natural feeding method for healthy, full-term infants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the necessity of metabolic monitoring and supplementation for healthy, full-term infants.
  • To determine the optimal feeding strategy for newborns transitioning to extrauterine life.
  • To clarify screening guidelines for neonatal hypoglycemia.

Main Methods:

  • Review of physiological adaptations in healthy newborns.
  • Analysis of the benefits of early, frequent, and exclusive breastfeeding.

More Related Videos

Biochemical Measurement of Neonatal Hypoxia
13:13

Biochemical Measurement of Neonatal Hypoxia

Published on: August 24, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Development of a Neonatal Piglet Acute Lung Injury Model Recreating the Early Environment of Preterm Infant Lungs
08:58

Development of a Neonatal Piglet Acute Lung Injury Model Recreating the Early Environment of Preterm Infant Lungs

Published on: October 31, 2025

Biochemical Measurement of Neonatal Hypoxia
13:13

Biochemical Measurement of Neonatal Hypoxia

Published on: August 24, 2011

  • Assessment of risks associated with routine screening and supplementation.
  • Evaluation of management strategies for symptomatic infants.

    • Main Results:

    • Healthy, full-term infants possess inherent mechanisms to manage nutrient intake post-birth.
    • Early, frequent, and exclusive breastfeeding adequately meets the nutritional requirements of healthy newborns.
    • Routine screening and supplementation can disrupt the establishment of breastfeeding and are not indicated for healthy infants.
    • Symptomatic infants require immediate medical assessment and intervention, such as intravenous glucose therapy.

    Conclusions:

    • Healthy, full-term infants do not require routine metabolic monitoring or supplementation.
    • Interference with natural breastfeeding can be detrimental; it should be supported and encouraged.
    • Screening for metabolic issues should be reserved for at-risk or symptomatic infants.
    • Management of symptomatic infants should prioritize immediate assessment and appropriate medical treatment, not forced feeding.