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Related Concept Videos

Smallpox01:24

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Chickenpox01:20

Chickenpox

Chickenpox is an acute, highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Herpesviridae family. Its transmission occurs primarily through the inhalation of respiratory droplets or direct contact with vesicular fluid from skin lesions. The incubation period typically ranges from 10 to 21 days, during which the virus replicates and disseminates through sequential phases within the host. Although generally self-limiting in children,...
Toxoplasmosis01:28

Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis, a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, poses significant public health challenges globally due to its high seroprevalence and varied clinical manifestations. As an obligate intracellular parasite, T. gondii can infect all warm-blooded vertebrates, but felids are its only definitive hosts, shedding unsporulated oocysts into the environment. Humans typically acquire the infection through ingestion of tissue cysts in undercooked meat or oocysts from...
Rabies01:28

Rabies

Rabies is a lethal zoonotic disease caused by a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus of the Lyssavirus genus, within the family Rhabdoviridae. Its primary mode of transmission to humans is through bites or saliva-contaminated scratches from infected mammals such as dogs, bats, raccoons, or foxes. Transmission can also occur if infectious saliva contacts abraded skin or intact mucous membranes, including the conjunctiva.Viral Entry and Early ReplicationOnce introduced at the bite or scratch...
Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

Overview

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Whole Genome Sequencing for Rapid Characterization of Rabies Virus Using Nanopore Technology
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Published on: August 18, 2023

Human monkeypox: an emerging zoonotic disease.

Scott Parker1, Anthony Nuara, R Mark L Buller

  • 1Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, St Louis, MO 63104, USA. scott9379@gmail.com

Future Microbiology
|July 31, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Monkeypox virus, a zoonotic disease, is increasing in human cases due to environmental changes and urbanization. Its spread to new regions and immunocompromised populations raises concerns for future control.

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Published on: September 27, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Zoonotic viral diseases
  • Epidemiology
  • Public health

Background:

  • Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a zoonotic orthopoxvirus endemic in rodents and nonhuman primates in West and Central Africa.
  • Human cases, first identified in the 1970s, have escalated since, with increasing reports of human-to-human transmission.
  • Factors contributing to increased MPXV incidence include enhanced surveillance, environmental degradation, and urbanization, expanding the virus's ecological niche.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology and transmission dynamics of zoonotic monkeypox virus.
  • To discuss factors contributing to the rise in human monkeypox infections.
  • To assess the implications of MPXV's expanding geographic range and potential for independent human evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of MPXV epidemiology and transmission.
  • Analysis of factors influencing MPXV spread.
  • Assessment of challenges in MPXV control, including vaccination efficacy in immunocompromised populations.

Main Results:

  • MPXV is maintained in animal reservoirs and has expanded its geographic range, including intercontinental spread.
  • Human infections and outbreaks with human-to-human transmission have increased since the 1970s.
  • The virus's ability to infect diverse species and its presence in immunocompromised populations pose challenges for eradication.

Conclusions:

  • The increasing frequency and geographic spread of human monkeypox infections suggest a growing public health threat.
  • Control measures are complicated by the virus's zoonotic nature and its maintenance in animal populations.
  • The potential for MPXV to evolve and sustain itself within human populations, particularly in immunocompromised individuals, warrants further investigation and vigilance.