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Related Concept Videos

Voltage-gated Ion Channels01:26

Voltage-gated Ion Channels

Voltage-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential. They are present on the membranes of all electrically excitable cells such as neurons, heart, and muscle cells.
Generally, all voltage-gated ion channels have a 'voltage-sensing domain' that spans the lipid bilayer. The charged residues in the sensor move in response to the membrane potential changes that open the channel allowing ions movement. There are several types of...
Voltage-gated Ion Channels01:26

Voltage-gated Ion Channels

Voltage-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential. They are present on the membranes of all electrically excitable cells such as neurons, heart, and muscle cells.
Generally, all voltage-gated ion channels have a 'voltage-sensing domain' that spans the lipid bilayer. The charged residues in the sensor move in response to the membrane potential changes that open the channel allowing ions movement. There are several types of...
Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:28

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
Electrochemical Gradient and Channel Proteins: An Overview01:21

Electrochemical Gradient and Channel Proteins: An Overview

An electrochemical gradient is a fundamental concept in biology and chemistry. It regulates the movement of ions across cell membranes. This movement is influenced by two factors:
The electrical gradient: The electrical gradient across cell membranes refers to the difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a cell.  This difference drives the movement of ions towards or away from the cells. For instance, if the inside of the cell is more negatively charged relative to the...
Ion Channels01:19

Ion Channels

The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
Ion channels are specialized integral membrane proteins on the plasma membrane that allow specific...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Enrichment of Mammalian Tissues and Xenopus Oocytes with Cholesterol
10:12

Enrichment of Mammalian Tissues and Xenopus Oocytes with Cholesterol

Published on: March 25, 2020

The voltage dependent anion channel affects mitochondrial cholesterol distribution and function.

Andrew M Campbell1, Samuel H P Chan

  • 1Syracuse University, Department of Biology, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA. amcampbe@syr.edu

Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
|July 31, 2007
PubMed
Summary

High cholesterol in cancer cell mitochondria impairs energy production. Targeting the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) with a specific mutation restored mitochondrial function and reduced cholesterol levels.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Morris hepatoma cells (MH7777) exhibit elevated mitochondrial membrane cholesterol and impaired oxidative energy production.
  • This metabolic dysfunction is linked to the glycolytic phenotype common in many cancers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) in mitochondrial cholesterol distribution within cancer cells.
  • To determine if modulating VDAC function can restore mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and reduce cholesterol levels.

Main Methods:

  • Cholesterol affinity chromatography and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry were used to identify VDAC's role in cholesterol distribution.
  • A mutant form of VDAC (E72Q) was constructed to disrupt its binding with hexokinase.

Main Results:

  • VDAC was identified as a key component in a protein complex regulating mitochondrial membrane cholesterol.
  • The E72Q VDAC mutant increased oxidative phosphorylation activity in MH7777 cells.
  • This mutation also reduced membrane cholesterol ratios to levels comparable to normal liver mitochondria.

Conclusions:

  • VDAC influences mitochondrial membrane cholesterol distribution, impacting oxidative phosphorylation and apoptosis.
  • Targeting VDAC-hexokinase interaction offers a potential strategy to normalize mitochondrial function in cancer cells.
  • This research highlights the link between VDAC, cholesterol metabolism, and the Warburg effect in cancer.