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Radial System Protection

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Radial systems employ time-delay overcurrent relays to reduce load interruptions. When a fault occurs, the nearest breaker opens first, while upstream breakers remain closed due to longer delay settings. This approach ensures minimal disruption to the rest of the system.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy

Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy

Published on: December 6, 2016

Multi-frequency EIT system with radially symmetric architecture: KHU Mark1.

Tong In Oh¹, Eung Je Woo, David Holder

¹College of Electronics and Information, Kyung Hee University, Korea.

Physiological Measurement

|August 1, 2007

Summary

This study introduces the KHU Mark1, a multi-frequency electrical impedance tomography (EIT) system for brain imaging. The system demonstrates frequency-dependent conductivity imaging, paving the way for advanced functional brain analysis.

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Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy

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Published on: June 25, 2021

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Medical Imaging
Electrical Engineering

Background:

Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) is a non-invasive imaging technique.
Current EIT systems face limitations in multi-frequency operation and flexibility.
Accurate imaging of biological tissues requires advanced instrumentation.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel multi-frequency EIT system (KHU Mark1) for enhanced brain function imaging.
To improve signal acquisition and data processing capabilities for EIT.
To investigate frequency-dependent electrical properties of biological tissues.

Main Methods:

Development of a multi-frequency EIT system with a single balanced current source and 64 simultaneous voltmeters.
Utilized a radially symmetric architecture, digital waveform generation, and phase-sensitive demodulation.
Incorporated multiple generalized impedance converter (GIC) circuits for multi-frequency output impedance maximization.

Main Results:

The KHU Mark1 system successfully acquired in-phase and quadrature components of trans-impedances.
Evaluated system performance using common-mode rejection ratio, signal-to-noise ratio, linearity, and reciprocity error.
Demonstrated frequency-dependent complex conductivity imaging using a saline phantom with a banana object.

Conclusions:

The KHU Mark1 system offers a flexible and advanced platform for multi-frequency EIT.
The system's capabilities enable detailed analysis of frequency-dependent tissue properties.
Future developments may include miniaturization and wireless integration for broader applications.