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An Efficient Single-Person Technique for Milk Sampling from Laboratory Mice
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Whole cow's milk: why, what and when?

Kim Fleischer Michaelsen1, Camilla Hoppe, Lotte Lauritzen

  • 1Department of Human Nutrition and LMC Centre for Advanced Food Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme
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Summary

Introducing cow's milk to infants varies by country, with most recommending 12 months, while some allow it earlier. Concerns include iron deficiency and nutrient intake, impacting infant growth and development.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Nutrition Science
  • Infant Feeding

Background:

  • International recommendations vary on the optimal age for introducing cow's milk to infants.
  • Key concerns include potential iron deficiency due to cow's milk being a poor iron source and its impact on essential fatty acid intake.
  • Differences exist regarding the introduction of reduced-fat cow's milk and its implications for infant energy intake and growth.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the varying recommendations for cow's milk introduction in industrialized countries.
  • To evaluate the nutritional implications, including iron and fatty acid content, of early cow's milk consumption.
  • To discuss the considerations for establishing guidelines on cow's milk introduction, volume, and fat content.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of international infant feeding guidelines.
  • Review of studies on the impact of cow's milk on infant iron status and fatty acid profiles.
  • Examination of research on the relationship between cow's milk intake and long-term health outcomes like obesity and growth.

Main Results:

  • Most countries recommend introducing cow's milk at 12 months, but some permit introduction from 9-10 months.
  • High cow's milk intake (over 500 ml/day) was linked to iron deficiency in one study.
  • Cow's milk may offer a more favorable linoleic acid/alpha-linolenic acid ratio, potentially benefiting docosahexaenoic acid levels compared to some infant formulas.

Conclusions:

  • Cow's milk introduction age recommendations should consider national feeding practices, iron, and fatty acid intake.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the effects of cow's milk on obesity, blood pressure, and linear growth.
  • Guidelines should specify appropriate volumes and fat content for cow's milk introduction to ensure optimal infant nutrition and development.