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Related Concept Videos

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy: Organic Radicals01:17

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy: Organic Radicals

Ideally, an unpaired electron shows a single peak in the EPR spectrum due to the transition between the two spin energy states. However, coupling interactions can occur between the spins of the unpaired electron and any neighboring spin-active nuclei. This hyperfine coupling results in hyperfine splitting, where the EPR signal is split into multiplets. The signals split into 2nI + 1 peaks, where n is the number of equivalent nuclei and I is the nuclear spin. These splitting patterns provide...
Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved in...
Mass Analyzers: Common Types01:19

Mass Analyzers: Common Types

The quadrupole mass analyzer consists of four cylindrical metal rods arranged in a diamond carrying a DC voltage and a radio-frequency AC voltage. The motion of ions through the quadrupole depends on the field strength, causing only ions of a certain m/z to resonate successfully and strike the detector at a given field strength. Though the transmission rate for these analyzers is high, the exact elemental composition of the sample is not determined because of low resolution; however, they are...
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy  (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used.
Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule01:10

Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule

In the AX proton spin system, proton A can sense the two spin states of a coupled proton X, resulting in a doublet NMR signal with two peaks of equal (1:1) intensity. When proton A is coupled to two equivalent protons (AX2 spin system), the spin states of each X can be aligned with or against the external field, creating three possible scenarios. This results in a 1:2:1  triplet signal, where the central peak corresponds to the chemical shift of A and is twice as large or intense as the others.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Site Directed Spin Labeling and EPR Spectroscopic Studies of Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
11:19

Site Directed Spin Labeling and EPR Spectroscopic Studies of Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

Published on: July 4, 2016

A dual sensor spin trap for use with EPR spectroscopy.

Stuart T Caldwell1, Caroline Quin, Ruth Edge

  • 1WestCHEM Department of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.

Organic Letters
|August 2, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel radical detector to identify specific oxidative stress agents like hydroxyl radicals, methyl radicals, and iron(III) ions using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy.

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Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Site Directed Spin Labeling and EPR Spectroscopic Studies of Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
11:19

Site Directed Spin Labeling and EPR Spectroscopic Studies of Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

Published on: July 4, 2016

Purification and Reconstitution of TRPV1 for Spectroscopic Analysis
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Purification and Reconstitution of TRPV1 for Spectroscopic Analysis

Published on: July 3, 2018

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser
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Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser

Published on: June 28, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Chemistry
  • Biochemistry
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Oxidative stress involves redox-active metal ions and various radicals.
  • Distinguishing between different radical species is crucial for understanding cellular processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel radical detector for identifying specific oxidative stress agents.
  • To differentiate between hydroxyl radicals, methyl radicals, and iron(III) ions.

Main Methods:

  • A radical detector was synthesized, combining a nitrone spin trap, a phenol, and a cyclopropane unit.
  • Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was employed for detection and analysis.

Main Results:

  • The detector successfully identified and distinguished between hydroxyl radicals, methyl radicals, and iron(III) ions.
  • Iron(III) ions triggered a reaction with the phenol, leading to cyclopropane ring opening and cyclization.
  • This process generated a stable nitroxyl radical, detectable by EPR.

Conclusions:

  • The developed radical detector is effective for identifying and distinguishing key species involved in oxidative stress.
  • This method offers a new approach for studying radical reactions and oxidative stress mechanisms.