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Related Concept Videos

Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
The Eukaryotic Promoter Region02:40

The Eukaryotic Promoter Region

The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences.  The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...
The Eukaryotic Promoter Region02:40

The Eukaryotic Promoter Region

The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences.  The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

An Integrated Workflow to Study the Promoter-Centric Spatio-Temporal Genome Architecture in Scarce Cell Populations
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Published on: April 21, 2023

Transcription factor access to promoter elements.

Randall H Morse1

  • 1Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201-2002, USA. randall.morse@wadsworth.org

Journal of Cellular Biochemistry
|August 2, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Chromatin structure influences gene transcription by regulating transcription factor access. While generally permissive for activator binding, chromatin inhibits pre-initiation complex formation and assembly within coding regions.

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Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

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Promoter Capture Hi-C: High-resolution, Genome-wide Profiling of Promoter Interactions
10:16

Promoter Capture Hi-C: High-resolution, Genome-wide Profiling of Promoter Interactions

Published on: June 28, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Transcription factors (TFs) regulate gene expression in eukaryotes.
  • Chromatin, the complex of DNA and proteins, forms the environment where TFs operate.
  • Understanding TF-chromatin interactions is crucial for deciphering gene regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence on how chromatin influences transcription factor activity.
  • To elucidate the distinct roles of chromatin in different stages of transcription.
  • To highlight the impact of nucleosome dynamics on TF accessibility.

Main Methods:

  • Review of gene-specific studies.
  • Analysis of genome-wide studies.
  • Integration of findings on nucleosome dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Chromatin is typically permissive for activator binding.
  • Chromatin imposes conditional restrictions on pre-initiation complex (PIC) formation.
  • Chromatin acts as an inhibitor for productive PIC assembly within coding sequences.
  • Nucleosome dynamics play a key role in facilitating TF access in vivo.

Conclusions:

  • Chromatin presents a complex regulatory landscape for transcription factors.
  • Distinct stages of transcription initiation are differentially affected by chromatin.
  • Nucleosome dynamics are critical for overcoming chromatin-based transcriptional repression.