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Updated: Jul 13, 2026

An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices
Published on: February 5, 2015
Different patterns of activation markers expression and CD4+ T-cell responses to ex vivo stimulation in patients with
A Kosmaczewska1, M Bilinska, L Ciszak
1Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Department of Experimental Therapy, Laboratory of Immunopathology, R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland. kosmacz@immuno.iitd.pan.wroc.pl
Abstract:
Patients with relapsing-remitting (RR) and secondary progressive (SP) forms of multiple sclerosis (MS), although in long-term clinical remission, showed different patterns of increased expressions of the activation markers: CD69, CD40L, and both membrane/surface and cytoplasmic CTLA-4 (mCTLA-4 and cCTLA-4, respectively) in freshly isolated peripheral blood (PB) CD4+ T cells compared with controls. Also observed were dysregulated responses to ex vivo stimulation in both groups of MS patients accompanied by increased IFN-gamma synthesis. Our findings may suggest that the mechanisms leading to each clinical form of the disease may be heterogeneous.
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