Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Predicting Products: Substitution vs. Elimination

Predicting Products: Substitution vs. Elimination

When a nucleophile and an alkyl halide react, nucleophilic substitution and β-elimination reactions compete to generate products.
The following factors can influence the mechanisms competing against each other:

Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction

Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction

Generalization, discrimination, and extinction are key concepts in operant conditioning that influence how behaviors are learned and maintained.
Generalization occurs when a behavior reinforced in one context is performed in similar situations. For instance, a student who studies diligently for calculus and receives excellent grades might apply the same study habits to psychology and history, expecting similar results. Generalization shows how learning in one setting can influence behavior in...

How Data are Classified: Categorical Data

How Data are Classified: Categorical Data

A variable, usually notated by capital letters such as X and Y, is a characteristic or measurement that can be determined for each member of a population. Data are the actual values of variables. They may be numbers, or they may be words. Datum is a single value.
Data are classified based on whether they are measurable or not. Categorical data cannot be measured; instead, it can be divided into categories. For example, if Y denotes a person's party affiliation, some examples of Y include...

Purposive Learning

Purposive Learning

E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a bonus...

Associative Learning

Associative Learning

Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...

Deductive Reasoning

Deductive Reasoning

Deductive reasoning, or deduction, is the type of logic used in hypothesis-based science. In deductive reasoning, the pattern of thinking moves in the opposite direction from inductive reasoning. It uses a general principle or law to predict specific results. From these general principles, a scientist can predict specific results that remain valid as long as the general principles are correct.For example, a researcher can make specific predictions from the hypothesis "butterflies are attracted...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Surveying the New Landscape of Blood Pressure Control.

Annals of internal medicine·2025

Same author

Manual Dexterity Predictors of Inflatable Penile Prosthesis Success.

Urology·2025

Same author

Penetrating Posterior Urethral Injuries: Case Report and Management Strategies.

Case reports in urology·2024

Same author

Manual Dexterity Predictors of Artificial Urinary Sphincter Success.

Urology·2024

Same author

The use of deformation imaging in the assessment of patients pre and post transcatheter aortic valve implantation.

Echo research and practice·2023

Same author

Dyslipidaemia management in the cardiac rehabilitation clinic of a tertiary referral centre: analysis of the impact of new ESC guidance on LDL-C target achievement.

Irish journal of medical science·2022

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms

Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms

Published on: February 8, 2019

Subtyping as a knowledge preservation strategy in category learning.

Lewis Borr¹, Gregory Murphy

¹New York University, New York, New York, USA. bottla@cardiff.ac.uk

Memory & Cognition

|August 3, 2007

Summary

Subtyping, or excluding atypical examples, does not easily aid new category learning. However, introducing a theme before learning enhances subtyping effects on existing concepts and typicality ratings.

More Related Videos

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning

Published on: November 2, 2012

Experience is Instrumental in Tuning a Link Between Language and Cognition: Evidence from 6- to 7- Month-Old Infants' Object Categorization

Experience is Instrumental in Tuning a Link Between Language and Cognition: Evidence from 6- to 7- Month-Old Infants' Object Categorization

Published on: April 19, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms

Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms

Published on: February 8, 2019

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning

Published on: November 2, 2012

Experience is Instrumental in Tuning a Link Between Language and Cognition: Evidence from 6- to 7- Month-Old Infants' Object Categorization

Experience is Instrumental in Tuning a Link Between Language and Cognition: Evidence from 6- to 7- Month-Old Infants' Object Categorization

Published on: April 19, 2017

Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Category Learning
Concept Formation

Background:

Subtyping involves excluding atypical exemplars from category judgments.
Previous research suggested subtyping could facilitate category learning by discounting exceptions.
Social stereotyping research also informs understanding of subtyping mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the influence of subtyping on category learning.
To determine if introducing a theme prior to learning impacts subtyping effects.
To explore the role of knowledge gating in subtyping.

Main Methods:

Three experiments were conducted using category learning paradigms.
Participants learned categories with theme-congruent and exception exemplars.
A subtyping dimension was incorporated, and theme introduction timing was manipulated.

Main Results:

Traditional category learning procedures did not yield significant subtyping effects.
Introducing the theme prior to learning increased typicality ratings and facilitated category learning.
Pre-learning theme introduction enhanced subtyping effects, supporting knowledge gating.

Conclusions:

Subtyping effects are most pronounced on already established concepts.
Subtyping is generally not effective for learning entirely new concepts.
Specific conditions, like pre-learning theme introduction, can enable subtyping in new concept learning.