Ground-based prototype quantum cascade laser heterodyne radiometer for atmospheric studies

The advent of quantum cascade lasers has provided matured continuously tunable solid state laser sources emitting from mid-infrared to terahertz wavelengths. Such sources, used as local oscillators, offer the practical prospect of aircraft, high altitude platform, and satellite deployment of compact and shot noise limited heterodyne radiometers for Earth observation and astronomy. A ground-based prototype of a quantum cascade laser heterodyne radiometer operating in the mid-infrared has been developed and is presented. The instrument design and concepts are described, together with evaluation of the instrument in the laboratory and during field measurements of atmospheric ozone. In this study the best performance achieved by the prototype quantum cascade laser heterodyne radiometer was a signal-to-noise ratio of three times the theoretical shot-noise limit. The prototype has allowed the main sources of excess noise to be identified as residual optical feedback in the local oscillator optical path and a lack of mechanical and thermal stability in the local oscillator collimation system. Instrument improvements are currently being implemented and enhanced performance is expected in the near future.