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T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...

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Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity

Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity

Published on: November 8, 2016

Emerging challenges in regulatory T cell function and biology.

Shimon Sakaguchi¹, Fiona Powrie

¹Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|August 4, 2007

Summary

Regulatory T cells are crucial for immune homeostasis and self-tolerance. Further research into their development and function offers potential for treating immune diseases.

Area of Science:

Immunology
Cellular Biology
Molecular Biology

Background:

Significant advancements have been made in understanding immune system regulation.
Naturally occurring CD4+ regulatory T cells are key to maintaining immunological self-tolerance and immune homeostasis.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the molecular and cellular processes governing the development and function of regulatory T cells.
To explore therapeutic strategies involving regulatory T cell manipulation for immunological diseases.

Main Methods:

Further elucidation of molecular and cellular processes.
Investigating regulatory T cell pathways.

Main Results:

Identification of key molecular and cellular mechanisms.

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Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity

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Understanding the role of regulatory T cells in immune responses.

Conclusions:

Deepened understanding of regulatory T cell biology.
Potential for novel therapeutic interventions in immunological disorders.