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Related Concept Videos

Glycosaminoglycans01:23

Glycosaminoglycans

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), also known as mucopolysaccharides, are long and linear polymers comprising of specific repeating disaccharides - the amino sugar that can be N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine, and a uronic acid that is usually glucuronic acid or iduronic acid.
GAGS are found in the extracellular matrix of vertebrates, invertebrates, and bacteria. Due to their polar nature they attract water, and serve as excellent lubricants or shock absorbers in an animal body.
Hyaluronic...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Proteoglycans01:05

Proteoglycans

Glycans, a class of complex heterogeneous molecules, can be covalently attached to proteins to form glycosylated proteins that regulate various physiological and pathological processes. Glycosylated proteins or glycoproteins comprise N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides. O-glycosylation is the most common type of protein glycosylation. Here, glycans attach to the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl groups of Serine or Threonine residues. O-linked glycosylation occurs later in protein processing,...
Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

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Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
Bone Remodeling and Repair01:31

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

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Temporal and functional changes in glycosaminoglycan expression during osteogenesis.

Victor Nurcombe1, Fuqi Jack Goh, Larisa M Haupt

  • 1Stem Cell and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, Singapore, Singapore. vnurcombe@imcb.a-star.edu.sg

Journal of Molecular Histology
|August 4, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Heparan sulfate (HS) biosynthesis changes during osteogenesis. Growing cells produce complex HS sugars that influence cell growth, impacting bone development.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are crucial cell surface molecules regulating extracellular protein activity.
  • HSPGs influence cell growth, regeneration, and phenotypic development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate heparan sulfate (HS) sugar biosynthesis during osteogenesis.
  • To explore how changes in HS activity drive phenotypic development in pre-osteoblast cells.

Main Methods:

  • Comparison of MC3T3-E1 mouse calvarial pre-osteoblast cells at 5 days (proliferating) and 20 days (mineralizing) of culture.
  • Analysis of cell phenotype, HS core protein forms, and HS sulfotransferase enzyme levels using RQ-PCR.
  • Purification of HS forms via anionic exchange chromatography.

Main Results:

  • Cells in active growth phases (day 5) produced more complex HS sugars compared to quiescent cells during mineralization (day 20).
  • Exogenous addition of these HS forms differentially affected pre-osteoblast growth rates.
  • Distinct HS core protein and sulfotransferase profiles were observed between proliferating and mineralizing cells.

Conclusions:

  • Heparan sulfate (HS) sugar complexity and biosynthesis are dynamically regulated during osteogenesis.
  • HS structure and activity play a significant role in modulating cell proliferation and phenotypic progression during bone development.