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Related Concept Videos

Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction01:29

Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction

Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in older adults. It leads to gradual neuronal loss, causing cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and loss of functional independence.Risk Factors and EtiologyThe disease is multifactorial. Age is the strongest risk factor, with prevalence doubling every 5 years after age 65. Genetic factors include mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which are associated...
Dementia l: Introduction01:22

Dementia l: Introduction

Dementia is an acquired, progressive syndrome characterized by a decline in multiple cognitive domains severe enough to impair daily functioning and reduce independence. Although memory loss is a central feature, the diagnosis requires additional deficits involving language, executive function, visuospatial skills, judgment, calculation, or abstract reasoning. These cognitive impairments reflect underlying neurodegenerative or vascular processes that gradually disrupt neuronal networks...
Alzheimer's Disease: Overview01:26

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
The clinical diagnosis of AD hinges on the presence of memory and other cognitive impairments. Biomarkers, such as changes in Aβ and tau...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Dementia01:30

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Dementia is a collective term for cognitive disorders primarily affecting memory, thinking, and reasoning. It is not a specific disease but a syndrome, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common cause, accounting for approximately 60-80% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia affects millions worldwide, particularly older adults, though it is not a normal part of aging.
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Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients01:15

Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients

Elderly individuals encompass a diverse population with varying degrees of age-related physiological changes. Defining the elderly presents challenges, as the geriatric population is often arbitrarily categorized as individuals older than 65. However, many individuals in this group lead active and healthy lives, with an increasing number surpassing 85 years and falling into the older elderly category. Physiological changes associated with aging impact performance capacity and homeostatic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Assessment of Dependence in Activities of Daily Living Among Older Patients in an Acute Care Unit
06:52

Assessment of Dependence in Activities of Daily Living Among Older Patients in an Acute Care Unit

Published on: September 30, 2020

Delirium in advanced disease.

Dylan Harris1

  • 1Palliative Medicine, Ty Olwen, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, UK. dgharris@doctors.org.uk

Postgraduate Medical Journal
|August 7, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Recognizing and managing delirium in advanced illness is crucial. A structured approach combining various interventions helps control symptoms and improve end-of-life care for patients.

Area of Science:

  • Palliative Care
  • Geriatrics
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Delirium is a common yet often unrecognized and undertreated condition in patients with advanced disease.
  • It causes significant distress and hinders communication for patients and families during the end-of-life phase.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To emphasize the importance of a structured approach for recognizing, assessing, and managing delirium in terminal illness.
  • To outline the goals of delirium management, focusing on treating reversible causes and symptom control.

Main Methods:

  • Management involves assessing and treating reversible causes of delirium.
  • Interventions include environmental modifications, psychological support, and pharmacological treatments.
  • A structured approach is essential for clinicians.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Assessment of Dependence in Activities of Daily Living Among Older Patients in an Acute Care Unit
06:52

Assessment of Dependence in Activities of Daily Living Among Older Patients in an Acute Care Unit

Published on: September 30, 2020

Main Results:

  • Effective delirium management can alleviate patient distress.
  • Improved symptom control facilitates better communication between patients and families.
  • Structured assessment and management are key to optimal care.

Conclusions:

  • A systematic approach to delirium in advanced illness is essential for all clinicians.
  • Integrated management strategies are vital for improving patient and family experience at the end of life.