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Related Concept Videos

Bias01:22

Bias

Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
In statistics, a sampling bias is created when a sample is collected from a population, and some members of the population are not as likely to be chosen as others (remember, each member...
Randomized Experiments01:13

Randomized Experiments

The randomization process involves assigning study participants randomly to experimental or control groups based on their probability of being equally assigned. Randomization is meant to eliminate selection bias and balance known and unknown confounding factors so that the control group is similar to the treatment group as much as possible. A computer program and a random number generator can be used to assign participants to groups in a way that minimizes bias.
Simple randomization
Simple...
Random Variables01:09

Random Variables

A random variable is a single numerical value that indicates the outcome of a procedure. The concept of random variables is fundamental to the probability theory and was introduced by a Russian mathematician, Pafnuty Chebyshev, in the mid-nineteenth century.
Uppercase letters such as X or Y denote a random variable. Lowercase letters like x or y denote the value of a random variable. If X is a random variable, then X is written in words, and x is given as a number.
For example, let X = the...
Random Sampling Method01:09

Random Sampling Method

Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest. Among the various sampling methods used by...
Random Error01:04

Random Error

Random or indeterminate errors originate from various uncontrollable variables, such as variations in environmental conditions, instrument imperfections, or the inherent variability of the phenomena being measured. Usually, these errors cannot be predicted, estimated, or characterized because their direction and magnitude often vary in magnitude and direction even during consecutive measurements. As a result, they are difficult to eliminate. However, the aggregate effect of these errors can be...
Probability in Statistics01:14

Probability in Statistics

Probability is the likelihood of an event occurring. The term event is defined as a collection of results of a procedure. An event is a simple event when an outcome cannot be divided into simpler parts.
An example of a simple event is a coin toss. The result of a coin toss is either a head or a tail. Here, head and tail are two simple events. These two simple events make up the sample space. Further, the probability of an event occurring falls within the range of 0 to 1. The probability of an...

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Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
05:30

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Published on: September 8, 2023

Random networks tossing biased coins.

F Bassetti1, M Cosentino Lagomarsino, B Bassetti

  • 1Università degli Studi di Pavia, Dipartimento Matematica, Pavia, Italy. federico.bassetti@unipv.it

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|August 7, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a simple algorithm to generate random directed graphs with scale-free out-degree and compact in-degree, useful for complex network analysis. This method offers analytical insights and is easily adaptable for various graph types.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
05:30

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Published on: September 8, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Statistical mechanics
  • Network science
  • Computational biology

Background:

  • Complex networks are often studied using random graph ensembles as null models.
  • Transcription networks present unique structural properties that require specific modeling approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a simple and efficient method for generating random directed graphs.
  • To create ensembles with specific degree distributions: scale-free out-degree and compact in-degree.
  • To enable analytical tractability of network observables.

Main Methods:

  • Generating random directed graphs by setting adjacency matrix entries based on biased coin tosses.
  • Utilizing a chosen probability distribution for the biases.
  • Algorithm designed for efficiency and scalability.

Main Results:

  • The algorithm successfully generates random directed graphs with asymptotically scale-free out-degree and compact in-degree.
  • Effective for graphs with n approximately 100.
  • Many relevant network observables become analytically accessible.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed method provides a valuable tool for statistical mechanical studies of complex networks.
  • Offers improved analytical insights compared to previous methods.
  • The technique is versatile and generalizable to other graph structures.