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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment00:59

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
Magnetic Fields01:28

Magnetic Fields

A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
A magnetic field is defined by the force that a charged particle experiences...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Optimizing Magnetic Force Microscopy Resolution and Sensitivity to Visualize Nanoscale Magnetic Domains
07:42

Optimizing Magnetic Force Microscopy Resolution and Sensitivity to Visualize Nanoscale Magnetic Domains

Published on: July 20, 2022

First-principles approach to noncollinear magnetism: towards spin dynamics.

S Sharma1, J K Dewhurst, C Ambrosch-Draxl

  • 1Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. sangeeta.sharma@physik.fu-berlin.de

Physical Review Letters
|August 7, 2007
PubMed
Summary

This study presents a new method for describing noncollinear magnetism using spin-density functional theory and the exact exchange energy functional. The approach accurately models magnetic properties and spin dynamics in materials.

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Visualizing Uniaxial-strain Manipulation of Antiferromagnetic Domains in Fe1+YTe Using a Spin-polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope
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Visualizing Uniaxial-strain Manipulation of Antiferromagnetic Domains in Fe1+YTe Using a Spin-polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope

Published on: March 24, 2019

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Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Optimizing Magnetic Force Microscopy Resolution and Sensitivity to Visualize Nanoscale Magnetic Domains
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Optimizing Magnetic Force Microscopy Resolution and Sensitivity to Visualize Nanoscale Magnetic Domains

Published on: July 20, 2022

Visualizing Uniaxial-strain Manipulation of Antiferromagnetic Domains in Fe1+YTe Using a Spin-polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope
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Visualizing Uniaxial-strain Manipulation of Antiferromagnetic Domains in Fe1+YTe Using a Spin-polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope

Published on: March 24, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Accurate description of noncollinear magnetism is crucial for understanding complex magnetic materials.
  • Existing methods often struggle with highly noncollinear magnetic structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a robust theoretical framework for noncollinear magnetism within spin-density functional theory.
  • To investigate the efficacy of the optimized effective potential (OEP) method for magnetic systems.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the exact exchange energy functional dependent on two-component spinor orbitals.
  • Deriving effective Kohn-Sham potentials and magnetic fields via the OEP framework.
  • Applying the method to a chromium (Cr) monolayer and bulk Fe, Co, and Ni.

Main Results:

  • The developed method reveals significantly more noncollinear magnetization density in Cr monolayers compared to standard calculations.
  • The time-dependent generalization enables ab initio description of spin dynamics.
  • Accurate reproduction of magnetic moments for Fe, Co, and Ni solids.

Conclusions:

  • The noncollinear optimized effective potential method provides a powerful tool for studying complex magnetism.
  • This framework is well-suited for ab initio simulations of spin dynamics and magnetic properties.