Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Angle-resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy At Ultra-low Temperatures
Published on: October 9, 2012
Direct observation of electron-Bernstein wave heating by O-X-B-mode conversion at low magnetic field in the WEGA
Y Y Podoba1, H P Laqua, G B Warr
1Max-Planck-Institut fur Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association D-17491 Greifswald, Germany.
Abstract:
The ordinary-extraordinary-Bernstein-mode conversion process for overdense plasma heating with electron-Bernstein waves is demonstrated in the WEGA stellarator at low magnetic field (approximately 50 mT) at 2.45 GHz. For the first time the conversion from an O wave to an X wave is clearly demonstrated by probe measurements of amplitude and phase of the wave field in the conversion region and supported by two-dimensional full-wave calculations. The propagation and resonant absorption of the Bernstein wave is measured in fast power modulation experiments.
Related Concept Videos
Transmission Electron Microscopy
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes
Energy In A Magnetic Field
Take an ideal inductor with zero resistance. Although it's practically impossible, assume that the coil's resistance is so small that it is practically negligible. The loss of the field's energy to dissipate thermal energy (or heat) is thus negligible.
The energy...
The de Broglie Wavelength
Electromagnetic Waves in Matter
Consider the electromagnetic wave passing through a dielectric medium. In such a case, Maxwell's equations get modified. In Ampere's law, ε0 , the dielectric permittivity of free space is replaced with ε, the permittivity of dielectric. Also, the vacuum permeability μ0 is replaced by the permeability of the medium, μ.
Furthermore, the...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation
