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Related Concept Videos

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview01:26

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
The clinical diagnosis of AD hinges on the presence of memory and other cognitive impairments. Biomarkers, such as changes in Aβ and tau...
Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment01:22

Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment

Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is pathologically identified by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein. AD pharmacotherapy aims to manage cognitive symptoms, delay disease progression, and treat behavioral symptoms. The treatment is primarily symptomatic and palliative, with no definitive disease-modifying therapy available. Cholinesterase inhibitors, including donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne), are...
Dementia01:30

Dementia

Dementia is a collective term for cognitive disorders primarily affecting memory, thinking, and reasoning. It is not a specific disease but a syndrome, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common cause, accounting for approximately 60-80% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia affects millions worldwide, particularly older adults, though it is not a normal part of aging.
The progression of dementia is generally gradual.
Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction01:29

Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction

Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in older adults. It leads to gradual neuronal loss, causing cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and loss of functional independence.Risk Factors and EtiologyThe disease is multifactorial. Age is the strongest risk factor, with prevalence doubling every 5 years after age 65. Genetic factors include mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which are associated...
Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and microglia. Abnormal...
Dementia l: Introduction01:22

Dementia l: Introduction

Dementia is an acquired, progressive syndrome characterized by a decline in multiple cognitive domains severe enough to impair daily functioning and reduce independence. Although memory loss is a central feature, the diagnosis requires additional deficits involving language, executive function, visuospatial skills, judgment, calculation, or abstract reasoning. These cognitive impairments reflect underlying neurodegenerative or vascular processes that gradually disrupt neuronal networks...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

A High Throughput, Multiplexed and Targeted Proteomic CSF Assay to Quantify Neurodegenerative Biomarkers and Apolipoprotein E Isoforms Status
07:08

A High Throughput, Multiplexed and Targeted Proteomic CSF Assay to Quantify Neurodegenerative Biomarkers and Apolipoprotein E Isoforms Status

Published on: October 20, 2016

Biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease.

Joshua A Sonnen1, C Dirk Keene, Kathleen S Montine

  • 1Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104-2499, USA. jsonnen@u.washington.edu

Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics
|August 7, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Developing reliable biomarkers for Alzheimer

Area of Science:

  • Neurology and Neuroscience
  • Biomarker Discovery and Validation

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses a significant public health challenge, necessitating effective diagnostic tools for its various stages.
  • Emerging experimental therapeutics for AD require robust biomarkers to guide treatment decisions and assess risk-benefit profiles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current landscape and future directions of biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease, focusing on those detectable in body fluids.
  • To highlight the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of fluid-based biomarkers across the spectrum of AD, from preclinical to dementia stages.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease.
  • Focus on amyloid-beta (Abeta) and tau species as key diagnostic indicators.

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  • Discussion of emerging discovery approaches for novel biomarker panels.

    • Main Results:

    • Strong consensus supports cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid-beta (Abeta)42 and tau as central biomarkers for AD diagnosis.
    • Plasma-based Abeta assays show potential but require further validation compared to CSF.
    • Biomarkers targeting different pathogenic steps are crucial for evaluating new AD therapies.

    Conclusions:

    • Fluid biomarkers, particularly CSF Abeta and tau, are vital for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease at various stages.
    • Continued research and standardization of assays are expected in the next five years.
    • Combining multiple biomarker modalities will likely offer the most effective approach for comprehensive AD assessment.