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Related Concept Videos

Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

Cells of the Innate Immune Response

The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes police the peripheral tissues by removing cellular debris and responding to the invasion of foreign substances or pathogens. Many phagocytes attack and remove microorganisms even before lymphocytes detect them. The human body has two general...
Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the 20th century...
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized by phagocytes.
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes01:25

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
Natural Killer Cells: The Fast Responders
NK cells are large granular lymphocytes found in the blood and lymphatic system. These...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death
09:18

Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death

Published on: December 27, 2016

Cell death recognition model for the immune system.

Erwei Sun1

  • 1Institute of Transplant Immunology, Organ Transplantation Department, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Gongye Road, Guangzhou 510282, China. sunew@smu.edu.cn

Medical Hypotheses
|August 8, 2007
PubMed
Summary

The immune system

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The classic self-nonself theory of immune recognition has limitations.
  • Alternative models like "danger" and "infectious nonself" have been proposed.
  • Cell death, through apoptosis or necrosis, significantly influences immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel "cell death" recognition model for the immune system.
  • To explain how different cell death methods dictate immune tolerance or activation.
  • To provide a framework for understanding various immune phenomena.

Main Methods:

  • The study proposes a conceptual model based on existing knowledge of phagocytosis and antigen presentation.
  • It outlines four key principles of the "cell death" recognition model.
  • The model integrates concepts of antigen shedding, phagocyte attraction, migration, and antigen presentation.

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Evaluation of Caspase Activation to Assess Innate Immune Cell Death
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Evaluation of Caspase Activation to Assess Innate Immune Cell Death

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LPS and ATP-induced Death of PMA-differentiated THP-1 Macrophages and its Validation
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LPS and ATP-induced Death of PMA-differentiated THP-1 Macrophages and its Validation

Published on: May 3, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death
09:18

Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death

Published on: December 27, 2016

Evaluation of Caspase Activation to Assess Innate Immune Cell Death
10:23

Evaluation of Caspase Activation to Assess Innate Immune Cell Death

Published on: January 20, 2023

LPS and ATP-induced Death of PMA-differentiated THP-1 Macrophages and its Validation
06:12

LPS and ATP-induced Death of PMA-differentiated THP-1 Macrophages and its Validation

Published on: May 3, 2024

Main Results:

  • Antigens from apoptotic or necrotic cells, not healthy cells, are presented to T cells.
  • Dying/dead cells attract phagocytes (dendritic cells/macrophages) for clearance.
  • Immune outcomes (tolerance vs. adaptive response) depend on the cell death method, not self/nonself status.

Conclusions:

  • The "cell death" recognition model offers a unified explanation for infection, autoimmunity, tumor immunity, and transplant rejection.
  • Understanding cell death-mediated immunity is crucial for developing new therapeutic strategies.
  • Key modulators of cell death-driven immune responses warrant further investigation.