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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers01:17

Antiepileptic Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers

Calcium channel blockers, a class of antiepileptic drugs, regulate the flow of calcium ions within neurons.
Calcium channel blockers exert their antiepileptic effects by targeting T-type calcium channels, which are integral to transmitting nerve signals in the central nervous system. These channels allow the passage of calcium ions, which are vital for neuronal communication. By inhibiting T-type calcium channels, calcium channel blockers effectively reduce the release of neurotransmitters and...
Epilepsy ll: Types01:22

Epilepsy ll: Types

Recurrent seizures, stemming from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, are the defining characteristic of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition. Because seizure features vary greatly, epilepsy is classified using two systems: by seizure type and by epilepsy syndromes. These classifications enable clinicians to describe seizure patterns and select suitable treatment strategies.I. Classification by Seizure Type1. Focal EpilepsyFocal epilepsy begins in one hemisphere of the brain.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
07:56

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Published on: January 29, 2018

Gender differences in bone mineral density in epilepsy.

Raj D Sheth1, Neil Binkley, Bruce P Hermann

  • 1Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. sheth@neurology.wisc.edu

Epilepsia
|August 9, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Children with epilepsy show reduced bone mineral density (BMD) compared to healthy peers. Young males with long-term epilepsy have the lowest BMD, increasing fracture risk.

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Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Neurology
  • Bone Metabolism

Background:

  • Adolescent bone accrual is critical for peak bone mass and lifelong fracture risk.
  • Epilepsy impacts bone health in both men and women, with postmenopausal women being at highest risk.
  • Understanding gender-specific bone density in pediatric epilepsy is crucial for early intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate gender differences in bone mineral density (BMD) among children with epilepsy.
  • To compare BMD in children with epilepsy to healthy controls.
  • To explore the relationship between epilepsy duration and BMD in pediatric populations.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study involving 108 ambulatory children (ages 6-18) with epilepsy and 35 healthy controls.
  • Age and gender-specific z-score total bone mineral density (z-BMD) was measured.
  • Controls were first-degree cousins of patients to minimize genetic and environmental confounders.

Main Results:

  • Patients with epilepsy had significantly lower z-BMD than controls (p < 0.05).
  • BMD was reduced in both females and males with epilepsy, though not statistically significant.
  • Longer epilepsy duration (≥6 years) correlated with lower BMD in males and was associated with fractures in two females.

Conclusions:

  • Both males and females with epilepsy exhibit reduced bone mineral density.
  • Young males with epilepsy lasting 6 years or more demonstrated the lowest BMD.
  • Gender differences in bone accrual may be influenced by epilepsy onset, growth, and hormonal factors, potentially increasing fracture risk.