Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Preparation of Amines: Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones01:38

Preparation of Amines: Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones

Carbonyl compounds and primary amines undergo reductive amination first to produce imines, followed by secondary amines in the same reaction mixture, using selective reducing agents like sodium cyanoborohydride or sodium triacetoxyborohydride. Reductive amination produces different degrees of substitution of amines depending on the starting amine substrate.
Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines01:19

Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines

Various carboxylic acid derivatives (such as acid chlorides, esters, and anhydrides) can be used for the acylation of amines to yield amides. The reaction requires two equivalents of amines. The first amine molecule functions as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to produce a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the loss of the leaving group and restoration of the C=O bond.
Next, the second equivalent of amine serves as a Brønsted base and deprotonates the quaternary amide...
Acetals and Thioacetals as Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones01:24

Acetals and Thioacetals as Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones

Acetals are formed by reacting two equivalents of alcohol with carbonyl compounds like aldehydes or ketones. Acetals are unaffected by bases, nucleophiles, oxidizing agents, and reducing agents. They serve as protecting groups for aldehydes and ketones. Acetals can be easily formed and also easily removed via mild acid hydrolysis.
In the presence of multiple functional groups, when selective reduction of one group over the other is desired, groups like aldehydes and ketones that form acetals...
α-Hydroxy Ketones via Reductive Coupling of Esters: Acyloin Condensation Overview01:19

α-Hydroxy Ketones via Reductive Coupling of Esters: Acyloin Condensation Overview

The pinacol and McMurry reactions involve the reductive coupling of ketones or aldehydes. Similarly, the bimolecular reductive coupling of two ester molecules in the presence of sodium metal in an aprotic solvent yields an α-hydroxy ketone product. The α-hydroxy ketone is also called acyloin, so the reaction is referred to as ‘acyloin condensation.’
Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)

Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
Similar to cross-metathesis, ADMET also involves the formation of metallacyclobutane intermediate by [2+2] cycloaddition of one of the double bonds of a terminal diene with...
Amines to Alkenes: Hofmann Elimination01:16

Amines to Alkenes: Hofmann Elimination

Alkenes can be obtained from amines via an E2 elimination. The amine is first converted into a good leaving group, such as a quaternary ammonium salt. This is accomplished by treating the amine with an excess of alkyl halide, which results in a halide salt. Next, the halide salt is transformed into a hydroxide salt that functions as a base to enable elimination.
Under thermal conditions, the hydroxide can abstract a proton from the β carbon; this generates an alkene with the simultaneous...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Psychometric properties of the German version of the pregnancy-related anxiety questionnaire-revised 2 (PRAQ-R2) in the third trimester of pregnancy.

BMC pregnancy and childbirth·2019
Same author

[Healthcare behavior of migraine and headache patients when treatment is accompanied by the digital migraine app].

Schmerz (Berlin, Germany)·2019
Same author

Mild Thyrotoxicosis Leads to Brain Perfusion Changes: An Arterial Spin Labelling Study.

Journal of neuroendocrinology·2016
Same author

[Peppermint oil in the acute treatment of tension-type headache].

Schmerz (Berlin, Germany)·2016
Same author

p38 MAPK regulates the Wnt inhibitor Dickkopf-1 in osteotropic prostate cancer cells.

Cell death & disease·2016
Same author

[Classification and therapy of medication-overuse headache: impact of the third edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders].

Schmerz (Berlin, Germany)·2014

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate
06:46

Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

Published on: June 21, 2017

The German minimization concept for acrylamide.

A Göbel1, A Kliemant

  • 1Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Berlin, Germany. angela.goebel@bvl.bund.de

Food Additives and Contaminants
|September 22, 2007
PubMed
Summary

The German acrylamide minimization concept, a voluntary food safety initiative, has shown success in reducing acrylamide levels in some foods. Further efforts are needed for comprehensive reduction across all food groups.

Area of Science:

  • Food Science
  • Risk Management
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Acrylamide discovery in foodstuffs in 2002 raised public health concerns.
  • A voluntary German minimization concept was established to address these concerns.
  • This concept involves collaboration between government and industry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of the German acrylamide minimization concept.
  • To assess the potential of this soft risk management instrument.
  • To explore its role in consumer protection and preventive health measures.

Main Methods:

  • The study involved an evaluation of the minimization concept approximately four years after its initiation.
  • It assessed the reduction of acrylamide content in various food commodity groups.

More Related Videos

GC-based Detection of Aldononitrile Acetate Derivatized Glucosamine and Muramic Acid for Microbial Residue Determination in Soil
11:06

GC-based Detection of Aldononitrile Acetate Derivatized Glucosamine and Muramic Acid for Microbial Residue Determination in Soil

Published on: May 19, 2012

One-pot Microwave-assisted Conversion of Anomeric Nitrate-esters to Trichloroacetimidates
06:00

One-pot Microwave-assisted Conversion of Anomeric Nitrate-esters to Trichloroacetimidates

Published on: January 15, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate
06:46

Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

Published on: June 21, 2017

GC-based Detection of Aldononitrile Acetate Derivatized Glucosamine and Muramic Acid for Microbial Residue Determination in Soil
11:06

GC-based Detection of Aldononitrile Acetate Derivatized Glucosamine and Muramic Acid for Microbial Residue Determination in Soil

Published on: May 19, 2012

One-pot Microwave-assisted Conversion of Anomeric Nitrate-esters to Trichloroacetimidates
06:00

One-pot Microwave-assisted Conversion of Anomeric Nitrate-esters to Trichloroacetimidates

Published on: January 15, 2018

  • The approach is based on voluntary agreement and collaboration.

    • Main Results:

    • The concept has demonstrated potential, with successful acrylamide content reduction in some food groups.
    • Further minimization efforts are required for other food groups to achieve comprehensive reduction.
    • The concept functions as a soft risk management tool, distinct from legal regulations.

    Conclusions:

    • The German acrylamide minimization concept is a pragmatic and innovative approach to food safety.
    • It offers a novel solution for managing risks, especially when maximum levels are not established.
    • This tool has the potential to enhance consumer protection and promote preventive health strategies.