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Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Humanized NOD/SCID/IL2rγnull (hu-NSG) Mouse Model for HIV Replication and Latency Studies
Published on: January 7, 2019
Quantitative impact of human immunodeficiency virus infection on tuberculosis dynamics
Kathryn DeRiemer1, L Masae Kawamura, Philip C Hopewell
1School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA. kderiemer@ucdavis.edu
Rationale:
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has a major but unquantified impact on the risk of tuberculosis.
Objectives:
To quantify the impact of HIV infection on the number of tuberculosis cases in San Francisco.
Methods:
We studied all patients reported with tuberculosis in San Francisco from 1991 to 2002. The initial isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were genotyped using IS6110 restriction fragment-length polymorphism genotyping as the primary method, and clustered cases (identical genotype patterns) were identified.
Measurements And Main Results:
We determined the case number, case rate, and the fraction of tuberculosis attributable to HIV infection. Of 2,991 reported tuberculosis cases, 2,193 (73.3%) had a genotype pattern of M. tuberculosis available. Genotypic clusters with at least one HIV-positive person were larger, lasted longer, and had a shorter time between successive cases relative to clusters with only HIV-uninfected persons (P < 0.00005, P = 0.0009, P = 0.018, respectively). Overall, 13.7% of the tuberculosis cases were attributable to HIV infection and an estimated 405 excess tuberculosis cases occurred.
Conclusions:
During a period encompassing the resurgence and decline of tuberculosis in San Francisco, a substantial number of the tuberculosis cases were attributable to HIV infection. Coinfection with HIV amplified the local tuberculosis epidemic.
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