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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
07:12

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

Proximal signaling control of human effector CD4 T cell function.

Francesca I Okoye1, Sandeep Krishnan, Meena R Chandok

  • 1Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, MSTF Building, Room 400, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.

Clinical Immunology (Orlando, Fla.)
|August 19, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Altered expression of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling proteins CD3zeta and ZAP-70 impacts human T cell function. Increased levels correlate with effector capacity, while decreased levels lead to anergy.

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Retroviral Transduction of Helper T Cells as a Genetic Approach to Study Mechanisms Controlling their Differentiation and Function
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Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
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Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

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Retroviral Transduction of Helper T Cells as a Genetic Approach to Study Mechanisms Controlling their Differentiation and Function
11:50

Retroviral Transduction of Helper T Cells as a Genetic Approach to Study Mechanisms Controlling their Differentiation and Function

Published on: November 4, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Signaling
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The precise mechanisms linking T cell receptor (TCR) signaling to T cell function in humans are not fully understood.
  • Understanding these pathways is crucial for developing targeted immunotherapies and understanding diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between proximal TCR signaling subunit expression and effector functions in human CD4 T cells.
  • To determine the role of FcRgamma in human T cell activation and function.

Main Methods:

  • Biochemical assays and single-cell analysis were used to profile proximal TCR signaling subunits.
  • Expression and phosphorylation levels of CD3zeta, ZAP-70, and FcRgamma were analyzed.
  • Functional capacity and signaling alterations were assessed in primary human T cells and FcRgamma transfectants.

Main Results:

  • Decreased expression of CD3zeta and ZAP-70 correlated with functional anergy in differentiated human CD4 T cells.
  • Increased CD3zeta and ZAP-70 expression and phosphorylation were associated with the acquisition of effector capacity.
  • FcRgamma was upregulated upon activation but did not correlate with effector cell functional capacity.

Conclusions:

  • Proximal TCR signaling subunit expression, particularly CD3zeta and ZAP-70, is a key determinant of human CD4 T cell effector function.
  • FcRgamma's role in human T cell effector function appears distinct from CD3zeta and ZAP-70.
  • These findings have implications for immunotherapy and understanding signaling alterations in autoimmune and chronic diseases.