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Diamagnetism

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...

Paramagnetism

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...

Diamagnetic Shielding of Nuclei: Local Diamagnetic Current

Diamagnetic Shielding of Nuclei: Local Diamagnetic Current

An applied magnetic field causes the electrons present in the molecule to circulate, setting up a local diamagnetic current within the molecule. The local diamagnetic current arising from circulating sigma-bonding electrons induces a magnetic field, Blocal that opposes the applied magnetic field, B0. The effective magnetic field experienced by these nuclei is given by the difference between the applied and local magnetic fields in a phenomenon called local diamagnetic shielding. Essentially,...

Magnetic Fields

Magnetic Fields

A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
A magnetic field is defined by the force that a charged particle experiences...

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Optimized Setup and Protocol for Magnetic Domain Imaging with In Situ Hysteresis Measurement

Optimized Setup and Protocol for Magnetic Domain Imaging with In Situ Hysteresis Measurement

Published on: November 7, 2017

Diamagnetic currents in the neutral He atoms.

Takashi Kato¹, Tokio Yamabe

¹Institute for Innovative Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, 3-1, Shuku-machi, Nagasaki 851-0121, Japan. kato@cc.nias.ac.jp

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A

|August 19, 2007

Summary

Diamagnetic currents in microscopic helium atoms arise from electron pairing in the 1s orbital. These currents persist at temperatures far exceeding conventional superconductivity, a phenomenon linked to discrete atomic energy levels.

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Optimized Setup and Protocol for Magnetic Domain Imaging with In Situ Hysteresis Measurement

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Hyperpolarized Xenon for NMR and MRI Applications

Hyperpolarized Xenon for NMR and MRI Applications

Published on: September 6, 2012

Area of Science:

Quantum Mechanics
Atomic Physics
Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

Intraatomic diamagnetic currents are fundamental to understanding atomic behavior.
Previous research has not fully elucidated the mechanism in microscopic neutral helium atoms.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the mechanism of intraatomic diamagnetic currents in microscopic neutral helium atoms.
To explain the role of electron pairing and Coulomb interactions.
To estimate the transition temperature (Tc(He),(1s)) for these currents.

Main Methods:

Theoretical investigation of electron behavior in neutral helium atoms at 298 K.
Analysis of Coulomb interactions and electron spin pairing in the 1s orbital.
Estimation of transition temperatures by comparing discrete and continuous energy levels.

Main Results:

Electron pairing due to attractive Coulomb forces in the 1s orbital drives diamagnetic currents.
Estimated transition temperatures (Tc(He),(1s)) are significantly higher than conventional superconducting transition temperatures (Tc,BCS).
The mechanism is size-dependent, attributed to discrete energy levels in microscopic helium versus continuous levels in macroscopic superconductors.

Conclusions:

Electron pairing is the primary mechanism for intraatomic diamagnetic currents in microscopic helium.
The high transition temperatures are a consequence of discrete electronic energy levels.
The findings are specific to microscopic systems and do not extend to macroscopic materials.